1
BYCNHERWBZ GJ "RCGKEFNFWBB
RUS
ER 9007 B
{JKJLBKMYBR-VJHJPBKMYBR
ER 9007 B
818 16 20-01/7
2
ERFPFYBZ GJ <TPJGFCYJCNB "RCGKEFNFWBB
Dfi yjdsq [jkjlbkmybr vj;tn j,kflfnm aeyrwbzvb>
rjnjhs[ yt ,skj d Dfitv ghtlsleotv [jkjlbkmybrt.
Gj'njve c yfcnjzotq bycnherwbtq cktletn nofntkmyj
jpyfrjvbnmcz. Bycnherwb/ cktletn cj[hfybnm> lkz
njuj xnj,s t/ vj;yj ,skj djcgjkmpjdfnmcz gjp;t
bkb gthtlfnm t= djpvj;yjve yjdjve dkfltkmwe
[jkjlbkmybrf.
"rcgkefnfwbz
¤ Lfyysq [jkjlbkmybr ghtlyfpyfxty lkz [hfytybz
ghjlernjd gbnfybz d j,sxys[ ,snjds[ eckjdbz[
d cjjndtncndbb c yfcnjzotq bycnherwbtq.
¤ Rfr d [jkjlbkmybrt> nfr b d vjhjpbkmyjv
jnltktybb yt cktletn [hfybnm dphsdjjgfcys[
ufpjd bkb ;blrjcntq> nfr rfr 'nj vj;tn ghbdtcnb
r nhfdvfv b gjdht;ltybzv bveotcndf.
¤ R hfcgjkj;tyysv dyenhb b d pflytq xfcnb
[jkjlbkmybrf ltnfkzv cbcntvs j[kf;ltybz ytkmpz
ghbrfcfnmcz jcnhsvb ghtlvtnfvb. D ckexft
djpybryjdtybz ghj,jbys d cbcntvt j[kf;ltybz
[jkjlbkmybr gjdhtlbncz b [hfyzobtcz d y=v
ghjlerns ghblen d ytujlyjcnm.
¤ D vjhjpbkmyjv jnltktybb yt cktletn [hfybnm
ufpbhjdfyys[ yfgbnrjd bkb ,enskjr c ;blrjc-
nm/> nfr rfr ,enskrb vjuen nhtcyenm.
¤ {jkjlbkmybr nz;=ksq> tuj rhfz bkb dscnegf/obt
xfcnb vjuen jrfpfnmcz jcnhsvb. Ghb gthtvtotybb
[jkjlbkmybrf cktletn cj,k/lfnm jcnjhj;yjcnm
b gjkmpjdfnmcz pfobnysvb gthxfnrfvb.
Ltnb
¤ Gjpf,jnmntcm j njv> xnj,s ltnb yt buhfkb c
htuekznjhfvb b dyenhtyybvb ltnfkzvb
[jkjlbkmybrf.
Xnj ltkfnm cj cnfhsv [jkjlbkmybrjv
Dsymnt dbkre bp hjptnrb b j,ht;mnt rf,tkm gbnfybz
rfr vj;yj ,kb;t r pflytq gfytkb [jkjlbkmybrf.
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj dct pfvrb b pfo=krb cyzns
c [jkjlbkmybrf dj bp,t;fybt ytcxfcnys[ ckexftd
c vfktymrbvb ltnmvb. Kexit dctuj cyznm ldthm
gjkyjcnm/.
Gjcnfhfqntcm yt gjdhtlbnm cbcntve j[kf;ltybz
[jkjlbkmybrf. Bpjkzwbz b cbcntvf j[kf;ltybz
vjuen cjlth;fnm d ct,t dhtlyst lkz jpjyyjq
j,jkjxrb vfnthbfks. Gj 'njq ;t ghbxbyt [jkjlbkmybr
cktletn clfnm yf cjjndtncnde/obq geyrn enbkbpfwbb.
DYBVFYBT% d Dfitv yjdjv [jkjlbkmybrt dhtlyst
lkz jpjyyjq j,jkjxrb vfnthbfks jncencnde/n. D
bycnherwbb bvttncz ,jktt gjlhj,yfz byajhvfwbz.
Byajhvfwbz> rfcf/ofzcz clfxb cnfhjuj [jkjlbkmybrf
d geyrn enbkbpfwbb> vj;tn ,snm gjkextyf d
cjjndtncnde/ob[ bycnfywbz[> jndtxf/ob[ pf
j,hf,jnre jn[jljd.
CJLTH:FYBT
ERFPFYBZ GJ <TPJGFCYJCNB
"RCGKEFNFWBB 2
Xnj ltkfnm cj cnfhsv [jkjlbkmybrjv 2
JGBCFYBT {JKJLBKMYBRF 3
Rjynhjkmyfz gfytkm 3
GTHTL YFXFKJV "RCGKEFNFWBB 4
"RCGKEFNFWBZ {JKJLBKMYBRF 4
Drk/xtybt gbnfybz b htuekbhjdfybt
ntvgthfnehs 4
Ntvgthfnehf dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf 4
Bpvthtybt ntvgthfnehs 5
Jnrk/xtybt gbnfybz 5
Cbuyfks b lheubt aeyrwbb 5
Dyenhtyytt ghjcnhfycndj [jkjlbkmybrf 6
"RCGKEFNFWBZ VJHJPBKMYBRF 6
Drk/xtybt gbnfybz b htuekbhjdfybt
ntvgthfnehs 6
Ntvgthfnehf dyenhb vjhjpbkmybrf 6
Jnrk/xtybt gbnfybz 7
Cbuyfks b lheubt aeyrwbb 7
Pfvjhf;bdfybt ghjlernjd 8
Chjrb [hfytybz ghjlernjd 8
Hfpvjhf;bdfybt 8
Dyenhtyytt ghjcnhfycndj vjhjpbkmybrf 9
GHFRNBXTCRBT CJDTNS 9
Cjdtns gj 'rjyjvbb 'ythubb 9
"rjkjubz 9
J[hfyf jrhe;f/otq chtls 9
E{JL 10
Cyznbt dtynbkzwbjyyjq hti=nrb 10
Xbcnrf 10
Hfpvjhf;bdfybt [jkjlbkmybrf 10
Pfvtyf kfvgjxrb dyenhtyytuj jcdtotybz 10
Tckb [jkjlbkmybryt bcgjkmpetncz 11
D CKEXFT DJPYBRYJDTYBZ
YTBCGHFDYJCNB 11
Ufhfynbz 15
Nt[j,cke;bdfybt b pfgxfcnb 12
NT{YBXTCRBT LFYYST 12
VJYNF: 12
Hfcgfrjdrf 12
Nhfycgjhnbhjdjxyst jgjhs 13
Xbcnrf gthtl yfxfkjv 'rcgkefnfwbb 13
Ecnfyjdrf 13
Gjlrk/xtybt gbnfybz 13
Bpvtytybt cnjhjys jnrhsdfybz ldthb 14
3
JGBCFYBT {JKJLBKMYBRF-VJHJPBKMYBRF
Vjltkm ER 9007 B
1@ cntrkzyyfz gjkrf
2@ jnltktybt lkz vfckf
3@ zobr lkz [hfytybz jdjotq
4@ yb;yzz gjkrf
5@ gjlyjc lkz pfvjhf;bdfybz
6@ zobr vjhjpbkmybrf
7@ dtynbkzwbjyyfz hti=nrf
8@ rfktylfhm vjhjpbkmybrf
9@ ldthyjt jnltktybt
10@ jnltktybt lkz zbw
RJYNHJKMYFZ GFYTKM
A Dsrk/xfntkm gbnfybz [jkjlbkmybrf
Bcgjkmpetncz lkz drk/xtybz b dsrk/xtybz
[jkjlbkmybrf.
B Lbcgktq nthvjvtnhf
Gjrfpsdftn chtly// ntvgthfnehe dyenhb
[jkjlbkmybrf.
C Htuekznjh ntvgthfnehs b nthvjcnfn
Bcgjkmpetncz lkz htuekbhjdfybz ntvgthfnehs.
D Ryjgrf ,scnhjuj j[kf;ltybz
Bcgjkmpetncz lkz drk/xtybz b dsrk/xtybz aeyrwbb
,scnhjuj j[kf;ltybz.
E :=knfz cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf
Ujhbn ghb drk/x=yyjv ht;bvt ,scnhjuj j[kf;ltybz.
F Dsrk/xfntkm gbnfybz vjhjpbkmybrf
Bcgjkmpetncz lkz drk/xtybz b dsrk/xtybz
vjhjpbkmybrf.
G Lbcgktq nthvjvtnhf
Gjrfpsdftn cfve/ dscjre/ ntvgthfnehe dyenhb
vjhjpbkmybrf.
H Htuekznjh ntvgthfnehs b nthvjcnfn
Bcgjkmpetncz lkz htuekbhjdfybz ntvgthfnehs.
I Ryjgrf ,scnhjuj pfvjhf;bdfybz
Bcgjkmpetncz lkz drk/xtybz b dsrk/xtybz aeyrwbb
,scnhjuj pfvjhf;bdfybz.
J :=knfz cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf
Ujhbn ghb drk/x=yyjv ht;bvt ,scnhjuj
pfvjhf;bdfybz.
K Ryjgrf c,hjcf fdfhbqyjuj pderjdjuj cbuyfkf
Bcgjkmpetncz lkz dsrk/xtybz fdfhbqyjuj pderjdjuj
cbuyfkf.
L Rhfcyfz cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf
Vbuftn d ckexft drk/xtybz fdfhbqyjuj cbuyfkf.
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GTHTL YFXFKJV "RCGKEFNFWBB
Ecnfyjdbnt [jkjlbkmybr yf vtcnj b dsgjkybnt
xbcnre jgbcfyysv d hfpltkt VJYNF: j,hfpjv.
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj hfcgjkj;tyysq pf
[jkjlbkmybrjv ikfyu nfkjq djls dtl=n d
bcgfhbntkmysq gjlljy.
Gthtl ntv rfr dcnfdbnm dbkre d hjptnre b
drk/xbnm [jkjlbkmybr d gthdsq hfp> tve
cktletn lfnm jncnjznmcz d ntxtybt
ghb,kbpbntkmyj 30 vbyen bkb ;t d ntxtybt
4 xfcjd d ckexft nhfycgjhnbhjdrb
[jkjlbkmybrf yf ,jre> lkz njuj xnj,s
;blrjcnm cbcntvs j[kf;ltybz ecgtkf
c,fkfycbhjdfnmcz. D ghjnbdyjv ckexft
rjvghtccjh [jkjlbkmybrf vj;tn
gjdhtlbnmcz.
"RCGKEFNFWBZ {JKJLBKMYBRF
Drk/xtybt gbnfybz b htuekbhjdfybt
ntvgthfnehs
Drk/xbnt gbnfybt c gjvjom/ dsrk/xfntkz gbnfybz.
Ecnfyjdrf ;tkftvjq ntvgthfnehs
Lth;bnt ryjgre d yf;fnjv gjkj;tybb lj nt[ gjh>
gjrf yf lbcgktt yt pfvbuftn ;tkftvjt pyfxtybt
!ntvgthfnehf vj;tn htuekbhjdfnmcz jn }1 lj }9·C@%
} gjdsitybt ntvgthfnehs
- gjyb;tybt ntvgthfnehs
Gjckt 'njuj lbcgktq ,eltn gjrfpsdfnm - lj nt[ gjh>
gjrf ntvgthfnehf dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf yt gjybpbncz
lj -9·C bkb lheujuj ecnfyjdktyyjuj pyfxtybz.
Gjckt ecnfyjdrb ntvgthfnehs [jkjlbkmybre cktletn
lfnm gjhf,jnfnm d ntxtybt cenjr> lkz njuj xnj,s
ntvgthfnehf ecgtkf c,fkfycbhjdfnmcz.
Tckb [jkjlbkmybr drk/xftncz gjckt gfeps d
'rcgkefnfwbb> dscnfdkznm ntvgthfnehe pfyjdj yt
nht,etncz. Nthvjcnfn fdnjvfnbxtcrb ds,thtn ne
ntvgthfnehe> yf rjnjhe/ jy ,sk dscnfdkty lj
dsrk/xtybz [jkjlbkmybrf.
Ntvgthfnehf dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf
Gjl[jlzotq ntvgthfnehjq dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf
zdkztncz }5·C. <jktt ybprfz ntvgthfnehf vj;tn
ghbdtcnb r pfvthpfyb/ ghjlernjd c dscjrbv
cjlth;fybtv ;blrjcnb d ckexft b[ gjvtotybz d
cfvst [jkjlyst vtcnf dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf. Cfvst
[jkjlyst b cfvst n=gkst vtcnf d [jkjlbkmybrt
bpj,hf;tys yf hbceyrt. Vzcyst> hs,yst b vjkjxyst
ghjlerns cktletn gjvtofnm d cfvst [jkjlyst
vtcnf !-@.
5
Bpvthtybt ntvgthfnehs
D ckexft bpvthtybz ntvgthfnehs dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf
j,sxysv nthvjvtnhjv tuj cktletn gjcnfdbnm d
cnfrfy djls d wtynht [jkjlbkmybrf. D 'njv ckexft
gjrfpsdftvfz bv ntvgthfnehf yfb,jktt cjjndtncndetn
ntvgthfneht [hfybvs[ d [jkjlbkmybrt ghjlernjd.
Nthvjvtnh yt cktletn gjldtibdfnm bkb rkfcnm yf
gjkre.
Gjktpyst cjdtns%
¤ Ghjlerns ljk;ys ,snm hfpkj;tys d [jkjlbkmybrt
jnltkmyj lheu jn lheuf nfrbv j,hfpjv> xnj,s
djple[ vju cdj,jlyj wbhrekbhjdfnm vt;le
ybvb.
¤ Ghjlerns yt ljk;ys rfcfnmcz gfytkb j[kf;ltybz
d pflytq cntyrt [jkjlbkmybrf> nfr rfr jyb vjuen
ghb 'njv pfv=hpyenm.
¤ Yb d rjtv ckexft yt gjvtofqnt d [jkjlbkmybr
n=gks[ ghjlernjd. Ghjlerns ljk;ys cyfxfkf
jcnsnm lj rjvyfnyjq ntvgthfnehs.
¤ Dct ghjlerns ljk;ys ,snm yflkt;fobv j,hfpjv
egfrjdfys dj bp,t;fybt gthtlfxb drecjd b
pfgf[jd.
Jnrk/xtybt gbnfybz
Lkz njuj xnj,s jnrk/xbnm gbnfybt jn [jkjlbkmybrf>
ryjgre cktletn lth;fnm d yf;fnjv gjkj;tybb d
ntxtybt ghb,kbpbntkmyj ctreyls.
D ntxtybt cenjr gjckt gthdjuj drk/xtybz
ghjcktlbnt pf ntv> xnj [jkjlbkmybr
aeyrwbjybhetn yjhvfkmyj b xnj
ntvgthfnehf lth;bncz yf ecnfyjdktyyjv
ehjdyt.
Cbuyfks b lheubt aeyrwbb
Fdfhbqysq cbuyfk jnrhsnjq ldthb%
Tckb ldthm [jkjlbkmybrf jcnfdktyf d jnrhsnjv
gjkj;tybb d ntxtybt ,jktt xtv 5 vbyen> rhfcyfz
cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf yfxbyftn vbufnm b hfplf=ncz
pderjdjq cbuyfk. Lkz dsrk/xtybz pderjdjuj cbuyfkf
cktletn yf;fnm yf ryjgre tuj c,hfcsdfybz. Rhfcyfz
cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf dsrk/xftncz> rfr njkmrj ldthm
jrfpsdftncz pfrhsnjq.
Aeyrwbz ,scnhjuj j[kf;ltybz
Aeyrwbz ,scnhjuj j[kf;ltybz vj;tn bcgjkmpjdfnmcz
lkz jlyjdhtvtyjuj j[kf;ltybz ,jkmijuj rjkbxtcndf
ghjlernjd. Ghb drk/xtybb aeyrwbb ,scnhjuj
j[kf;ltybz ntvgthfnehf fdnjvfnbxtcrb
ecnfyfdkbdftncz yf }2·C. Yf lbcgktt gjzdkztncz
j,jpyfxtybt F> ;=knfz cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf vbuftn.
Ghb,kbpbntkmyj xthtp 6 xfcjd aeyrwbz ,scnhjuj
j[kf;ltybz fdnjvfnbxtcrb dsrk/xftncz> f
ntvgthfnehf gjcntgtyyj djpdhfoftncz yf ds,hfyysq
lj drk/xtybz aeyrwbb ehjdtym. Aeyrwbz ,scnhjuj
j[kf;ltybz vj;tn ,snm dsrk/xtyf b hfymit
gjchtlcndjv gjdnjhyjuj yf;fnbz yf ryjgre.
6
Dyenhtyytt ghjcnhfycndj [jkjlbkmybrf
Gjkrb b ldthyst jnltktybz kturj cybvf/ncz> b[
vj;yj vtyznm vtcnfvb. Ytrjnjhst gjkrb cktletn
cyfxfkf ghbgjlyznm c pflytq xfcnb> lkz njuj xnj,s
b[ vj;yj ,skj dsnzyenm yf ct,z.
Yb;ytt ldthyjt jnltktybt> f nfr;t gjkre yfl
jnltktybtv lkz [hfytybz jdjotq yt cktletn
gthtcnfdkznm> nfr rfr jyb j,tcgtxbdf/n ghfdbkmye/
wbhrekzwb/ djple[f dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf. Gjkrb c
gjlyznsv rhftv cktletn ecnfyfdkbdfnm gjlyznsv
rhftv r pflytq cntyrt [jkjlbkmybrf> lkz njuj xnj,s
[hfybvst ghjlerns yt rfcfkbcm gfytkb j[kf;ltybz.
Gjkrf lkz j[kf;ltybz yfgbnrjd
Lkz j,tcgtxtybz vfrcbvfkmyjq vjoyjcnb
j[kf;ltybz gjkrb cktletn ghbyznm dj dybvfybt
cktle/ott%
¤ Gjkrf ljk;yf ,snm ecnfyjdktyf yf ehjdyt
;=kj,f lkz cnjrf nfkjq djls.
¤ Gthtl gjvtotybtv yf gjkre j[kf;lftvs[
yfgbnrjd jlyf ljk;yf ,snm ghtldfhbntkmyj
j[kf;ltyf.
¤ Rhegyst egfrjdrb cktletn gjvtofnm d
rhegyst jnltktybz d chtlytq xfcnb gjkrb.
¤ Vtkrbt egfrjdrb cktletn gjvtofnm d vtkrbt
jnltktybz gj rhfzv gjkrb.
Yt gjvtofqnt yf gjkre ,jktt 6>5 ru yfgbnrjd. Lkz
,scnhjuj j[kf;ltybz gjkrb yb d rjtv ckexft yt
rkflbnt t= d vjhjpbkmybr.
"RCGKEFNFWBZ VJHJPBKMYBRF
Drk/xtybt gbnfybz b htuekbhjdfybt
ntvgthfnehs
Drk/xbnt gbnfybt c gjvjom/ dsrk/xfntkz gbnfybz.
Nfr rfr ghb gthdjv drk/xtybb ntvgthfnehf dyenhb
vjhjpbkmybrf zdkztncz rjvyfnyjq> ghb tuj gthdjv
drk/xtybb hfplf=ncz fdfhbqysq pderjdjq cbuyfk.
C,hjcmnt pderjdjq cbuyfk yf;fnbtv yf ryjgre
c,hjcf.
Ecnfyjdrf ;tkftvjq ntvgthfnehs
Lth;bnt ryjgre d yf;fnjv gjkj;tybb lj nt[ gjh>
gjrf yf lbcgktt yt pfvbuftn ;tkftvjt pyfxtybt
!ntvgthfnehf vj;tn htuekbhjdfnmcz jn -15 lj -24·C@%
} gjdsitybt ntvgthfnehs
- gjyb;tybt ntvgthfnehs
Gjckt dscnfdktybz ntvgthfnehs lbcgktq nthvjvtnhf
gjrfpsdftn ltqcndbntkmye/ ntvgthfnehe dyenhb
vjhjpbkmybrf.
Gjckt ecnfyjdrb ntvgthfnehs vjhjpbkmybre cktletn
lfnm gjhf,jnfnm d ntxtybt cenjr> lkz njuj xnj,s
ntvgthfnehf ecgtkf c,fkfycbhjdfnmcz.
Tckb vjhjpbkmybr drk/xftncz gjckt gfeps d
7
'rcgkefnfwbb> dscnfdkznm ntvgthfnehe pfyjdj yt
nht,etncz. Nthvjcnfn fdnjvfnbxtcrb ds,thtn ne
ntvgthfnehe> yf rjnjhe/ jy ,sk dscnfdkty lj
dsrk/xtybz [jkjlbkmybrf.
Jnrk/xtybt gbnfybz
Lkz njuj xnj,s jnrk/xbnm gbnfybt jn vjhjpbkmybrf>
ryjgre cktletn lth;fnm d yf;fnjv gjkj;tybb d
ntxtybt ghb,kbpbntkmyj ctreyls.
D ntxtybt cenjr gjckt gthdjuj drk/xtybz
ghjcktlbnt pf ntv> xnj vjhjpbkmybr
aeyrwbjybhetn yjhvfkmyj b xnj ntvgthfnehf
lth;bncz yf ecnfyjdktyyjv ehjdyt. Njkmrj
gjckt 'njuj tuj vj;yj bcgjkmpjdfnm lkz
pfvjhf;bdfybz cdt;b[ ghjlernjd.
FDFHBQYSQ CBUYFK B LHEUBT AEYRWBB
Fdfhbqysq cbuyfk jnrhsnjq ldthb
Tckb ldthm vjhjpbkmybrf jcnfdktyf d jnrhsnjv
gjkj;tybb d ntxtybt ,jktt xtv 1 vbyens> rhfcyfz
cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf yfxbyftn vbufnm b hfplf=ncz
pderjdjq cbuyfk. Lkz dsrk/xtybz pderjdjuj cbuyfkf
cktletn yf;fnm yf ryjgre tuj c,hfcsdfybz. Cbuyfk
,eltn hfplfdfnmcz c vbyenysv bynthdfkjv lj nt[
gjh> gjrf ldthm yt jrf;tncz pfrhsnjq. Rhfcyfz
cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf dsrk/xftncz> rfr njkmrj ldthm
jrfpsdftncz pfrhsnjq.
Fdfhbqysq cbuyfk ntvgthfnehs
Tckb ntvgthfnehf d vjhjpbkmybrt jrfpsdftncz
ckbirjv dscjrjq> hfplf=ncz pderjdjq cbuyfk b
pfujhftncz cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf. Jlyjdhtvtyyj c
'nbv vbuftn pyfxtybt ntvgthfnehs yf lbcgktt.
Lkz njuj xnj,s dsrk/xbnm pderjdjq cbuyfk> yf;vbnt
yf ryjgre tuj c,hjcf. Gjrfpfybt ntvgthfnehs
gthtcnfytn vbufnm. Rhfcyfz cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf
gjufcytn> rjulf ntvgthfnehf dyenhb vjhjpbkmybrf
jgecnbncz yb;t -11·C. Gjcnfhfqntcm dszcybnm ghbxbye
gjl(=vf ntvgthfnehs d ukfdt j gjbcrt b ecnhfytybb
ytbcghfdyjcntq.
Ntvgthfnehyfz gfvznm
Ntvgthfnehyfz gfvznm erfpsdftn yf nj> xnj fdfhbqysq
cbuyfk drk/xbkcz ytrjnjhjt dhtvz yfpfl.
Gfvznm aeyrwbjybhetn cktle/obv j,hfpjv% gjckt
njuj rfr ntvgthfnehf dyenhb vjhjpbkmybrf gjckt
chf,fnsdfybz fdfhbqyjuj cbuyfkf cyjdf jgecrftncz
yb;t -11·C> pderjdjq cbuyfk dsrk/xftncz.
Ntvgthfnehyfz gfvznm erfpsdftn yf nj> xnj fdfhbqysq
cbuyfk chf,jnfk> gjchtlcndjv vbufybz rhfcyjq
cbuyfkmyjq kfvgjxrb b gjrfpfybz yf lbcgktt
nthvjvtnhf. Lkz njuj xnj,s edbltnm cfve/ dscjre/
ntvgthfnehe d vjvtyn chf,fnsdfybz fdfhbqyjuj
ht;bvf> yf;vbnt yf ryjgre c,hjcf pderjdjuj
cbuyfkf. "nj gjvj;tn Dfv jwtybnm> vj;yj kb
[hfyzobtcz d vjhjpbkmybrt ghjlerns bcgjkmpjdfnm.
Ghb,kbpbntkmyj -12·C% ,jkmibycndj ghlernjd vj;yj
cyjdf pfvjhjpbnm. Vjhj;tyjt jxtym xedcndbntkmyj
r rjkt,fybzv ntvgthfnehs> tuj cktletn egjnht,bnm
d gboe ytvtlktyyj.
8
Jn -9 lj -2·C% gjkeaf,hbrfns b cshst ghjlerns
cktletn ghbujnjdbnm b kb,j egjnht,bnm d gboe>
kb,j cyjdf pfvjhjpbnm e;t d ghbujnjdktyyjv dblt.
Hfpvjhj;tyyst vjhcrbt ghjlerns yb d rjtv ckexft
yt cktletn cyjdf pfvjhf;bdfnm.
Pfvjhf;bdfybt
Tckb d ntxtybt 24 xfcjd pfvjhf;bdf/ncz njkmrj
kbim yt,jkmibt rjkbxtcndf ghjlernjd> d yf;fnbb yf
ryjgre ,scnhjuj pfvjhf;bdfybz ytn ytj,[jlbvjcnb.
D ghjnbdyjv ckexft yf ryjgre cktletn yf;fnm
ghb,kbpbntkmyj pf cenrb lj gjvtotybz
pfvjhf;bdftvs[ ghjlernjd d vjhjpbkmybr. Xthtp
48 xfcjd aeyrwbz ,scnhjuj pfvjhf;bdfybz
fdnjvfnbxtcrb dsrk/xbncz. Aeyrwb/ vj;yj dsr-
k/xbnm b hfymit gjchtlcndjv gjdnjhyjuj yf;fnbz
yf ryjgre.
:=knfz cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf ujhbn dc= dhtvz ghb
drk/x=yyjv ht;bvt pfvjhf;bdfybz.
Gjktpyst cjdtns gj pfvjhf;bdfyb/%
¤ Pfvjhf;bdftvst ghjlerns cktletn rkfcnm yf
dth[y// gjkre bkb yf yf[jlzoe/cz
ytgjchtlcndtyyj gjl ytq gjkre.
¤ Ghjlerns cktletn rkfcnm ghzvj yf gjkre lkz
pfvjhf;bdfybz.
¤ Ghjlerns cktletn hfcgjkfufnm nfrbv j,hfpjv>
xnj,s djple[ vju cdj,jlyj wbhrekbhjdfnm
vt;le ybvb.
¤ Pfvjhf;bdftvst ghjlerns yt ljk;ys rfcfnmcz
e;t pfvjhj;tyys[> nfr rfr pfvjhj;tyysq ghjlern
vj;tn d 'njv ckexft xfcnbxyj hfpvjhjpbnmcz.
¤ Gjckt njuj rfr cdt;bt ghjlerns jrf;encz
gjkyjcnm/ pfvjhj;tys> b[ cktletn gjkj;bnm rfr
vj;yj ,jktt gkjnyj lheu r lheue> lkz njuj
xnj,s jyb yt hfpvjhf;bdfkbcm d ntxtybt rfr
vj;yj ,jktt ghjljk;bntkmyjuj dhtvtyb>
yfghbvth> d ckexft j,hsdf d gjlfxt gbnfybz.
¤ Yt pfvjhf;bdfqnt ckbirjv ,jkmijuj rjkbxtcndf
ghjlernjd jlyjdhtvtyyj. Vjoyjcnm
pfvjhf;bdfybz vjhjpbkmybrf erfpfyf d nf,kbwt
c nt[ybxtcrbvb lfyysvb.
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj vjhjpbkmybr hf,jnftn b
xnj ntvgthfnehf lth;bncz yf ecnfyjdktyyjv ehjdyt
d ntxtybt cenjr gjckt gthdjuj drk/xtybz. Njkmrj
gjckt 'njuj vjhjpbkmybr vj;yj bcgjkmpjdfnm lkz
pfvjhf;bdfybz cdt;b[ ghjlernjd.
Ntvgthfnehf dyenhb vjhjpbkmybrf
Lkz njuj xnj,s ghjlerns [hfybkbcm rfr vj;yj
ljkmit> ntvgthfnehf dyenhb vjhjpbkmybrf ljk;yf
,snm -18·C bkb yb;t. J,hfnbnt dybvfybt yf nj> xnj
gj vtht cyb;tybz ntvgthfnehs gjnht,ktybt gbnfybz
djphfcnftn.
Chjrb [hfytybz ghjlernjd
Cj,k/lfqnt chjrb [hfytybz regktyys[ d vfufpbyt
pfvjhj;tyys[ ghjlernjd.
Pfvjhj;tyyst ljvf ghjlerns% ;bhyst b cjk=yst
ghjlerns vjuen [hfybnmcz d vjhjpbkmybrt yt ,jktt
nh=[ vtczwtd. Dfh=yst ghjlerns b ghjlerns c
yt,jkmibv cjlth;fybtv ;bhf [hfybncz d
vjhjpbkmybrt lj gjkeujlf. Gjcnyst ghjlerns b
zujls [hfyzncz d vjhjpbkmybrt lj ujlf.
Hfpvjhf;bdfybt
Ghjlerns kexit dctuj hfpvjhf;bdfnm d [jkjlbkmybrt
d uke,jrjq nfhtkrt> lkz njuj xnj,s nf/ofz ;blrjcnm
yt ghjntrkf dj dyenhtyytt ghjcnhfycndj
[jkjlbkmybrf. Lkz ,scnhjuj hfpvjhf;bdfybz
ghjlernjd b[ vj;yj gjvtcnbnm d rjvyfnye/
ntvgthfnehe bkb d [jkjlye/ djle. D ckexft
hfpvjhf;bdfybz ghjlernjd d vbrhjdjkyjdjq gtxb
cktletn cj,k/lfnm erfpfybz t= bpujnjdbntktq.
D ntxtybt cenjr gjckt gthdjuj drk/xtybz
ghjcktlbnt pf ntv> xnj vjhjpbkmybr
aeyrwbjybhetn yjhvfkmyj b xnj ntvgthfnehf
lth;bncz yf ecnfyjdktyyjv ehjdyt. Njkmrj
gjckt 'njuj tuj vj;yj bcgjkmpjdfnm lkz
pfvjhf;bdfybz cdt;b[ ghjlernjd.
9
DYENHTYYTT GHJCNHFYCNDJ VJHJPBKMYBRF
Zobrb vjhjpbkmybrf
Zobrb lkz [hfytybz ghjlernjd gjvjuf/n ,scnhj
yfqnb ye;ysq ghjlern. Lkz edtkbxtybz j,(=vf
dyenhtyytuj ghjcnhfycndf vjhjpbkmybrf zobrb vj;yj
dsyenm b gjkj;bnm ghjlerns ghzvj yf gjkrb. Yf dct
gjkrb pf bcrk/xtybtv dth[ytq ghjlerns vj;yj
rkfcnm nfrbv j,hfpjv> xnj,s jyb dscnegfkb pf rhfq
gjkrb yf 20 vv> lkz vfrcbvfkmyjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz
dyenhtyytuj ghjcnhfycndf vjhjpbkmybrf.
Yb;ybq zobr dsybvfnm bp vjhjpbkmybrf yt cktletn>
nfr rfr tuj ghbcencndbt ytj,[jlbvj lkz yflkt;fotq
wbhrekzwbb djple[f.
Gjlyjc lkz pfvjhf;bdfybz
Gjlyjc lkz pfvjhf;bdfybz bcgjkmpetncz lkz
pfvjhf;bdfybz> yfghbvth> zujl b bkb jdjotq.
Ghjlerns pfvjhf;bdf/ncz ghb,kbpbntkmyj pf xtnsht
xfcf> gjckt xtuj b[ vj;yj egfrjdfnm j,sxysv
j,hfpjv. Nfr rfr zujls pfvjhj;tys gj jnltkmyjcnb>
jyb yt ghbvthpf/n lheu r lheue b b[ vj;yj
dsybvfnm bp egfrjdrb d ye;yjv rjkbxtcndt.
Gjcelf lkz ghbujnjdktybz ktlzys[ re,brjd
Gjcele lkz ghbujnjdktybz ktlzys[ re,brjd cktletn
pfgjkyznm djljq yt ,jktt xtv yf nhb xtndthnb> nfr
rfr djlf ghb pfvthpfybb hfcibhztncz. Ktlzyst
re,brb dsybvf/ncz gjchtlcndjv jcnjhj;yjuj
cub,fybz gjcels. Ghb ckbirjv ljkujv [hfytybb
ktlzyst re,brb dscs[f/n b b[ drec e[eliftncz>
gj'njve cnfhst re,brb kexit elfkbnm bp gjcels
b ghbujnjdbnm yjdst.
GHFRNBXTCRBT CJDTNS
Cjdtns gj 'rjyjvbb 'ythubb
¤ Vtcnj hfcgjkj;tybz [jkjlbkmybrf cktletn
nofntkmyj ds,hfnm cjukfcyj erfpfybzv>
ghbdtl=yysv d hfpltkt VJYNF:. Ghfdbkmyj
ecnfyjdktyysq [jkjlbkmybr gjnht,kztn vtymit
'ythubb.
¤ Yt jnrhsdfqnt ldthtq [jkjlbkmybrf ,tp
ytj,[jlbvjcnb b yt lth;bnt b[ ckbirjv ljkuj
d jnrhsnjv gjkj;tybb.
¤ Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj ldthb [jkjlbkmybrf
gkjnyj pfrhsns.
¤ Pfvjhj;tyyst ghjlerns cktletn hfpvjhf;bdfnm
d [jkjlbkmybrt> nfr rfr b[ [jkjl cyb;ftn
gjnht,ktybt 'ythubb [jkjlbkmybrf.
¤ Hfcgjkj;tyyst pf [jkjlbkmybrjv rjvghtccjh b
cbcntve j[kf;ltybz cktletn xbcnbnm gsktcjcjv
ghb,kbpbntkmyj hfp d ujl.
¤ Gthtl ntv rfr gjvtcnbnm ghjlerns d vjhjpbkmybr>
j[kflbnt b[ d [jkjlbkmybrt.
¤ Dj bp,t;fybt j,hfpjdfybz bpkbiytuj rjkbxtcndf
ktlzyjuj rjyltycfnf ghjlerns cktletn nofntkmyj
egfrjdsdfnm.
¤ Ghb pfvjhf;bdfybb ghjlernjd cktletn nofntkmyj
cj,k/lfnm erfpfybz> ghbdtl=yyst d hfpltkt
PFVJHF:BDFYBT> lkz njuj xnj,s vjhjpbkmybr
hfc[jljdfk vbybvfkmyjt rjkbxtcndj 'ythubb.
¤ D ckbirjv ybprjq ntvgthfneht dyenhb
vjhjpbkmybrf ytn ytj,[jlbvjcnb. Gj[jlzofz
ntvgthfnehf yf[jlbncz d ghtltkf[ jn -18·C lj -
20·C.
¤ Rjulf ckjq ktlzyjuj rjyltycfnf ljcnbuytn 3 - 5
vv> vjhjpbkmybr cktletn hfpvjhjpbnm.
¤ Eljcnjdthmntcm d wtkjcnyjcnb b xbcnjnt
egkjnybntkmyjq ghjrkflrb ldthb.
"rjkjubz
¤ Bpjkzwbz b [kfljfutyn [jkjlbkmybrf yt cjlth;fn
dhtlys[ lkz jpjyyjq j,jkjxrb vfnthbfkjd.
¤ Dct egfrjdjxyst vfnthbfks [jkjlbkmybrf
gjlkt;fn gjdnjhyjve bcgjkmpjdfyb/.
¤ Rjycnherwbz [jkjlbkmybrf nfrjdf> xnj jy kturj
ltvjynbhetncz lkz enbkbpfwbb.
J[hfyf jrhe;f/otq chtls
¤ Rfr egfrjdjxyst vfnthbfks> nfr b cnfhst
[jkjlbkmybrb b vjhjpbkmybrb cktletn ljcnfdkznm
yf geyrn enbkbpfwbb dnjhbxyjuj cshmz.
Ljgjkybntkmye/ byajhvfwb/ vj;yj gjkexbnm e
jndtxf/ob[ pf j,hf,jnre jn[jljd bycnfywbq bkb
e ghjlfdwf [jkjlbkmybrf.
¤ Ghjlerns cktletn [hfybnm d ,fyrf[ b egfrjdrf[>
rjnjhst vj;yj bcgjkmpjdfnm ytjlyjrhfnyj.
¤ Lkz xbcnrb [jkjlbkmybrf cktletn bcgjkmpjdfnm
vzurbt vj/obt chtlcndf.
¤ Cj,k/lfqnt cjdtns gj 'rjyjvbb 'ythubb.
10
XBCNRF B E{JL
Cyznbt dtynbkzwbjyyjq hti=nrb
Dtynbkzwbjyyfz hti=nrf vj;tn ,snm cyznf> yfghbvth>
lkz dsgjkytybz xbcnrb. D ghjwtcct cyznbz hti=nrb
ldthm ljk;yf ,snm jnrhsnf. Cyfxfkf gjnzybnt
dth[y// rhjvre hti=nrb yf ct,z b dybp> f pfntv
cybvbnt hti=nre> gjnzyed t= ghzvj yf ct,z.
Xbcnrf
{jkjlbkmybr cktletn htuekzhyj xbcnbnm. Gthtl
dsgjkytybtv xbcnrb [jkjlbkmybrf tuj cktletn
dsrk/xbnm b dsyenm dbkre bp hjptnrb bkb ;t
dsdthyenm ghtlj[hfybntkm. Dsybvf/obtcz ltnfkb
cktletn dsyenm b dsvsnm dhexye/. Dyenhtyybt b
yfhe;yst gjdth[yjcnb> f nfr;t egkjnybntkmye/
ghjrkflre ldthb [jkjlbkmybrf cktletn nofntkmyj
ghjnthtnm vzurjq nhzgrjq> cvjxtyyjq n=gkjq djljq
c lj,fdktybtv chtlcndf lkz hexyjuj vsnmz gjcels.
Yt pfrhsdfqnt ldthb lj nt[ gjh> gjrf dyenhtyybt
gjdth[yjcnb [jkjlbkmybr yt dscj[yen gjkyjcnm/.
Rfyfk lkz cnjrf nfkjq djls dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf
cktletn gthbjlbxtcrb xbcnbnm. D ckexft pfcjhtybz
rfyfk cktletn ghjqnb ytjcnhsv gkfcnvfccjdsv
ghtlvtnjv. Cybvbnt dtynbkzwbjyye/ hti=nre !cv.
dsit@ b dsxbcnbnt ghjcnhfycndj gjl [jkjlbkmybrjv
c gjvjom/ gsktcjcf. Jnjldbymnt [jkjlbkmybr jn
cntys b dsxbcnbnt c gjvjom/ gsktcjcf ghjcnhfycndj
pf ybv> f nfr;t rjvghtccjh b cbcntve j[kf;ltybz.
Lkz njuj xnj,s [jkjlbkmybr yt wfhfgfk
gjk> ghb gthtvtotybb tuj cktletn gjlybvfnm
pf gthtlybq rhfq.
Hfpvjhf;bdfybt [jkjlbkmybrf
Hfpvjhf;bdfybt [jkjlbkmybrf ghjbc[jlbn
fdnjvfnbxtcrb rf;lsq hfp> rjulf rjvghtccjh ds-
rk/xftncz. Lkz njuj xnj,s ghtljndhfnbnm j,hfpjdfybt
bpkbiytuj rjkbxtcndf ktlzyjuj rjyltycfnf%
¤ gjvtofqnt d [jkjlbkmybr njkmrj jcnsdibt
ghjlerns&
¤ yt jnrhsdfqnt ldthb ,tp ytj,[jlbvjcnb b yt
lth;bnt t= ckbirjv ljkuj d jnrhsnjv gjkj;tybb&
¤ yt rkflbnt ghjlernjd dgkjnye/ r pflytq cntyrt
dyenhtyytuj ghjcnhfycndf [jkjlbkmybrf.
Hfpvjhf;bdfybt vjhjpbkmybrf
D ghjwtcct 'rcgkefnfwbb vjhjpbkmybrf yf gjkrt
lkz pfvjhf;bdfybz> f nfr;t djrheu dth[ytuj jnltktybz
j,hfpetncz ytrjnjhjt rjkbxtcndj ktlzyjuj
rjyltycfnf. Rjulf njkobyf ckjz rjyltycfnf ljcnbuftn
3-5 vv> vjhjpbkmybr cktletn hfpvjhjpbnm.
Hfpvjhf;bdfybt bvttn cvsck dsgjkyznm njulf>
rjulf d vjhjpbkmybrt [hfybncz yt,jkmijt rjkbxtcndj
ghlernjd.
11
Dsymnt bp vjhjpbkmybrf zobrb c ghjlernfvb.
Gjdthybnt zobrb yf gjk-j,jhjnf nfrbv j,hfpjv>
xnj,s dth[ybq zobr cnjzk yf yb;ytv. J,thybnt
zobrb rfrbv-kb,j bpjkzwbjyysv vfnthbfkjv>
yfghbvth> ufptnyjq ,evfujq bkb djqkjrjv. Ghjlerns
vj;yj nfr;t gthtgfrjdfnm b gjkj;bnm d [jkjlyjt
vtcnj> yfghbvth> d [jkjlbkmybr.
Hfpvjhf;bdfybt vj;yj ecrjhbnm> gjcnfdbd lkz
'njuj d vjhjpbkmybr cjcels c ujhzxtq djljq.
Cktletn gjkmpjdfnmcz nfrjq gjceljq> rjnjhfz yt
jwfhfgftn dyenhtyytq gjdth[yjcnb vjhjpbkmybrf.
Cjcels c ujhzxtq djljq yt ljk;ys rfcfnmcz
gkfcnvfccjds[ ltnfktq vjhjpbkmybrf.
Dsymnt ckbdyjq ;=kj, b gjlcnfdmnt gjl ytuj
yb;ybq zobr vjhjpbkmybrf> d rjnjhsq ,eltn cntrfnm
nfkfz djlf. Lkz njuj xnj,s jcdj,jlbnm vtcnj lkz
zobrf> cybvbnt dtynbkzwbjyye/ hti=nre.
Gj vtht jnnfbdfybz kmlf jcnjhj;yj elfkzqnt tuj
gkfcnvfccjdjq bkb lthtdzyyjq kjgfnrjq. Yb d rjtv
ckexft yt bcgjkmpeqnt jcnhs[ bkb wfhfgf/ob[
ghtlvtnjd.
Gjckt njuj rfr vjhjpbkmybr hfpvjhjpbkcz> dsnhbnt
tuj yfce[j b dcnfdmnt ckbdyjq ;=kj, yf vtcnj.
Drk/xbnt vjhjpbkmybr. Gjkj;bnt d ytuj ghjlerns
njulf> rjulf jy j[kflbncz lj yflkt;fotuj ehjdyz.
Ghb hfpvjhf;bdfybb vjhjpbkmybrf yb d
rjtv ckexft yt bcgjkmpeqnt atyf lkz
djkjc bkb fyfkjubxyjuj ecnhjqcndf.
Ckbirjv dscjrfz ntvgthfnehf vj;tn
ghbdtcnb r gjdht;ltyb/ dyenhtyyb[
gkfcnvfccjds[ ltnfktq vjhjpbkmybrf> f
gjgfdifz yf yf[jlzobtcz gjl
yfghz;tybtv ltnfkb vjhjpbkmybrf dkfuf
vj;tn jrfpfnmcz ghbxbyjq 'ktrnhbxtcrjuj
ijrf.
Pfvtyf kfvgjxrb dyenhtyytuj jcdtotybz
Kfvgjxrf dyenhtyytuj jcdtotybz [jkjlbkmybrf
drk/xftncz fdnjvfnbxtcrb ghb jnrhsdfybb ldthb.
Gthtl dsgjkytybtv pfvtys kfvgjxrb dbkre cktletn
dsyenm bp hjptnrb.
Yt rfcfqntcm cntrkf kfvgjxrb gfkmwfvb. Ufkjutyyst
kfvgs dtcmvf xedcndbntkmys r bvt/otvecz yf
gfkmwf[ ;bhe. J,ht;mnt egfrjdre kfvgjxrb nfrbv
j,hfpjv> xnj,s jnrhsnsv jrfpfkcz t= wjrjkm.
Ecnfyjdbnt kfvgjxre yf vtcnj> lth;f t= ghb 'njv
pf egfrjdre. Bcgjkmpeqnt zhre/ ufkjutyye/ kfvgjxre
ybprjuj lfdktybz> wjrjkm G4> yfghz;tybt 12 D> c
ekmnhfabjktnjdsv ,kjrbhjdfybtv> yjvbyfkmyfz
vjoyjcnm 20 Dn.
Rjulf [jkjlbkmybr yt bcgjkmpetncz
Dsrk/xbnt [jkjlbkmybr b dsymnt dbkre bp hjptnrb
bkb ;t dsdthybnt ghtlj[hfybntkm. Xbcnrf
[jkjlbkmybrf dsgjkyztncz nfr> rfr jgbcfyj d
cjjndtncnde/otv hfpltkt. Dj bp,t;fybt j,hfpjdfybz
ytghbznyjuj pfgf[f ldthm [jkjlbkmybrf cktletn
jcnfdbnm d ghbjnrhsnjv gjkj;tybb.
D CKEXFT DJPYBRYJDTYBZ YTBCGHFDYJCNB
Ghbxbyf ytbcghfdyjcnb vj;tn jrfpfnmcz yfcnjkmrj
ghjcnjq> xnj t= vj;yj ecnhfybnm cfvjcnjzntkmyj.
Gthtl ntv rfr j,hfnbnmcz d egjkyjvjxtyye/ yf
nt[j,cke;bdfybt b htvjyn abhve> dybvfntkmyj
ghjxbnfqnt yb;tghbdtl=yyst erfpfybz.
Yf lbcgktt nthvjvtnhf dblyj gjrfpfybt >
bkb ;=knfz b rhfcyfz kfvgjxrb vbuf/n
jlyjdhtvtyyj
Ytbcghfdyjcnm d bpvthtybb ntvgthfnehs - j,hfnbntcm
d egjkyjvjxtyye/ yf nt[j,cke;bdfybt b htvjyn
abhve !cbcntvf j[kf;ltybz aeyrwbjybhetn b
j[kf;lftn ghjlerns> jlyfrj bpvthtybt ntvgthfnehs
ytbcghfdyj@.
Hfplf=ncz pderjdjq cbuyfk> rhfcyfz kfvgjxrf
vbuftn !d vjhjpbkmybrt ckbirjv ntgkj@
C,hjcmnt pderjdjq cbuyfk yf;fnbtv yf ryjgre
c,hjcf. Ghbxbyf vj;tn pfrk/xfnmcz d njv> xnj ghb
gthdjv drk/xtybb vjhjpbkmybrf ntvgthfnehf dyenhb
ytuj yf[jlbncz yf ehjdyt rjvyfnyjq - cv. Drk/-
xtybt b htuekbhjdfybt ntvgthfnehs.
Ldthm vjhjpbkmybrf vjukf ,snm jcnfdktyf d jnrhsnjv
gjkj;tybb d ntxtybt ckbirjv ghjljk;bntkmyjuj
dhtvtyb.
D [jkjlbkmybrt ckbirjv ntgkj
Ecnfyjdbnt ,jktt ybpre/ ntvgthfnehe.
Hfcgjkj;bnt ghjlerns dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf
yflkt;fobv j,hfpjv - cv. cjjndtncnde/obq hfpltk.
Hfcgjkj;bnt ghjlerns nfrbv j,hfpjv> xnj,s djple[
vju cdj,jlyj wbhrekbhjdfnm vt;le ybvb.
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj ldthm gkjnyj pfrhsnf> f
nfr;t d wtkjcnyjcnb b xbcnjnt t= egkjnybntkmyjq
ghjrkflrb.
Jrhe;f/ofz [jkjlbkmybr ntvgthfnehf dsit
yjhvfkmyjq rjvyfnyjq.
12
Lkz pfobns jn ytcnf,bkmyjuj gbnfybz d
'ktrnhjctnb htrjvtyletv drk/xfnm
[jkjlbkmybr xthtp ecnhjqcndj gjlfdktybz
ctntds[ bvgekmcys[ gjvt[ !ctntdjq abkmnh@.
Ctntdjq abkmnh Ds vj;tnt ghbj,htcnb d
vfufpbyf[ Electrolux.
D [jkjlbkmybrt ckbirjv [jkjlyj
Ecnfyjdbnt ,jktt dscjre/ ntvgthfnehe.
Jdjob b kturj pfvthpf/obt ghjlerns vjukb
jrfpfnmcz gjvtotys yf ckbirjv [jkjlye/ gjkre.
Cv. hfpltk Ntvgthfnehf dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf.
Gj j[kflbnkmyjq gfytkb dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf
ntx=n djlf
"nj zdkztncz yjhvfkmysv zdktybtv. D ghjwtcct
fdnjvfnbxtcrjuj hfpvjhf;bdfybz j,hfpe/obqcz yf
gjdth[yjcnb j[kflbntkmyjq gfytkb rjyltycfn nftn.
D [jkjlbkmybr ntx=n djlf
Ghjxbcnbnt rfyfk b jndthcnbt lkz cnjrf nfkjq djls
b eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj gjvto=yyst d
[jkjlbkmybr ghjlerns yt ghtgzncnde/n cnjre djls
d rfyfk.
Djlf ntx=n yf gjk
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj yf[jlzobqcz pf
[jkjlbkmybrjv ikfyu lkz cnjrf nfkjq djls dtl=n
d bcgfhbntkmysq gjlljy. Cv. hfpltk Gthtl yfxfkjv
'rcgkefnfwbb.
D vjhjpbkmybrt ckbirjv ntgkj
Ecnfyjdbnt ,jktt ybpre/ ntvgthfnehe.
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj ldthm gkjnyj pfrhsnf> f
nfr;t d wtkjcnyjcnb b xbcnjnt t= egkjnybntkmyjq
ghjrkflrb.
Gjvto=yyst d vjhjpbkmybr ghjlerns vjukb
jrfpfnmcz ckbirjv n=gksvb. Gjlj;lbnt ytcrjkmrj
xfcjd b cyjdf ghjdthmnt ntvgthfnehe.
Hfcgjkj;bnt ghjlerns nfrbv j,hfpjv> xnj,s djple[
vju cdj,jlyj wbhrekbhjdfnm vt;le ybvb.
D vjhjpbkmybrt ckbirjv [jkjlyj
Ecnfyjdbnt ,jktt dscjre/ ntvgthfnehe.
Ghjdthmnt> yt drk/x=y kb ht;bv pfvjhf;bdfybz.
Lbcgktq nthvjvtnhf gjrfpsdftn cfve/ dscjre/
ntvgthfnehe dyenhb vjhjpbkmybrf.
Hfc[j;ltybt vt;le gjrfpfybtv nthvjvtnhf b
bpvthtyyjq bysv j,hfpjv ntvgthfnehjq zdkztncz
yjhvfkmysv.
<jkmijt rjkbxtcndj rjyltycfnf b kmlf
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj ldthm gkjnyj pfrhsnf> f
nfr;t d wtkjcnyjcnb b xbcnjnt t= egkjnybntkmyjq
ghjrkflrb.
Ecnfyjdbnt ,jktt dscjre/ ntvgthfnehe.
Rjvghtccjh ytghthsdyj hf,jnftn
Ecnfyjdbnt ,jktt dscjre/ ntvgthfnehe.
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj ldthm gkjnyj pfrhsnf> f
nfr;t d wtkjcnyjcnb b xbcnjnt t= egkjnybntkmyjq
ghjrkflrb.
{jkjlbkmybr djj,ot yt hf,jnftn>
j[kf;ltybt> jcdtotybt b cbuyfkmyst
kfvgjxrb yt drk/xf/ncz
Dbkrf yt dcnfdktyf d hjptnre.
Ghtlj[hfybntkm gthtujhtk.
Yf [jkjlbkmybr yt gjcnegftn gbnfybt !ghjdthmnt
hjptnre c gjvjom/ rfrjuj-kb,j byjuj 'ktrnhbxtcrjuj
ecnhjqcndf@.
{jkjlbkmybr ckbirjv ievbn
Cbcntvf j[kf;ltybz ytcrjkmrj ievbn ghb hf,jnt d
ghjwtcct wbhrekzwbb [kfljfutynf d cbcntvt
j[kf;ltybz. Ghb drk/xtybb b dsrk/xtybb
rjvghtccjhf cksibncz gjo=krbdfybt.
Tckb iev rf;tncz ckbirjv cbkmysv%
jcnjhj;yj jnjuybnt nhe,s rjvghtccjhf pf
[jkjlbkmybrjv> nfr xnj,s jyb yt rfcfkbcm lheu
lheuf&
djpvj;yj jndfkbdibtcz ghjrkflrb vt;le nhe,fvb
b pflytq gfytkm/ [jkjlbkmybrf cktletn ecnfyjdbnm
yf vtcnj.
Cj,k/lfqnt erfpfybz> ghbdtl=yyst d hfpltkt
VJYNF:.
J,hsd d gjlfxt gbnfybz
Yt jnrhsdfqnt ldthtq [jkjlbkmybrf ,tp
ytj,[jlbvjcnb. D ckexft ghjljk;bntkmyjuj j,hsdf
d gjlfxt gbnfybz ghjlerns cktletn gj djpvj;yjcnb
gthtkj;bnm d hf,jnf/obq [jkjlbkmybr.
Tckb gjckt j,hsdf d gjlfxt gbnfybz ghjlerns gj-
ght;ytve nd=hlst> b[ vj;yj cyjdf pfvjhjpbnm.
Tckb ghjlerns hfpvjhjpbkbcm> yj dsukzlzn b gf[yen
rfr cdt;bt> b[ cktletn ytvtlktyyj ghbujnjdbnm b
kb,j egjnht,bnm d gboe> kb,j pfvjhjpbnm d
ghbujnjdktyyjv dblt.
Tckb ytbcghfdyjcnm yt elf=ncz ecnhfybnm
dsiterfpfyysv j,hfpjv> j,hfnbntcm d
egjkyjvjxtyye/ yf nt[j,cke;bdfybt b htvjyn
abhve.
NT{YBXTCRBT LFYYST
Vjltkm ER 9007 B
+vrjcnm ytnnj%
[jkjlbkmybr 292 k
vjhjpbkmybr 85 k
Ibhbyf 595 vv
Dscjnf 2000 vv
Uke,byf 600 vv
Gjnht,ktybt 'ythubb49 3 rDn d ujl
"ythutnbxtcrbq rkfcc D
Yjvbyfkmyfz vjoyjcnm 160 Dn
Dtc95 ru
Vjoyjcnm pfvjhf;bdfybz 12 ru d cenrb
Rjkbxtcndj rjvghtccjhjd 2
13
50m
a)
b)
VJYNF:
Hfcgfrjdrf
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj [jkjlbkmybr yt gjdhtlbkcz
d ghjwtcct nhfycgjhnbhjdrb. J djpvj;ys[
gjdht;ltybz[ cktletn ytvtlktyyj cjj,obnm
ghjlfdwe. Egfrjdjxyst vfnthbfks cktletn clfnm d
geyrn enbkbpfwbb dnjhbxyjuj cshmz. Byajhvfwb/
j, 'njv vj;yj gjkexbnm e cjjndtncnde/ob[
bycnfywbq bkb e ghjlfdwf [jkjlbkmybrf.
Yt lfdfqnt ltnzv buhfnm c egfrjdjxysvb
vfnthbfkfvb. Gjkb'nbktyjdfz gk=yrf
vj;tn jrfpfnmcz jgfcyjq lkz ;bpyb.
Nhfycgjhnbhjdjxyst jgjhs
Rktqre/ ktyne b nhfycgjhnbhjdjxyst jgjhs cktletn
elfkbnm%
¤ c njhwjd ldthtq
¤ c dyenhtyytq cnjhjys gtntkm
¤ c gjkjr
Lkz njuj xnj,s elfkbnm nhfycgjhnbhjdjxyst jgjhs
cntrkzyyjq gjkrb> cyfxfkf gjnzybnt
nhfycgjhnbhjdjxyst jgjhs dgth=l> f pfntv jgjhs
dvtcnt c gjkrjq nfr;t dgth=l lj nt[ gjh> gjrf gjkrf
yt jcnfyjdbncz. Djpmvbntcm pf pflybq rhfq gjkrb
gjnzybnt gjkre dvtcnt c jgjhfvb dgth=l nfr> xnj,s
gjkre vj;yj ,skj yfrkjybnm b cyznm jgjhs.
Gjl [jkjlbkmybrfvb ytrjnjhs[ vjltktq bvttncz
pderjbpjkzwbjyyfz gjleirf> rjnjhe/ elfkznm yt
cktletn.
Xbcnrf gthtl yfxfkjv 'rcgkefnfwbb
Gthtl yfxfkjv 'rcgkefnfwbb [jkjlbkmybr cktletn
dsvsnm bpyenhb vzurjq nhzgrjq> cvjxtyyjq d n=gkjq
djlt c lj,fdktybtv chtlcndf lkz hexyjuj vsnmz
gjcels.
Ecnfyjdrf
Lkz njuj xnj,s [jkjlbkmybr aeyrwbjybhjdfk
yflkt;fobv j,hfpjv> eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj%
¤ [jkjlbkmybr ecnfyjdkty d ce[jv ghj[kflyjv
vtcnt ,tp gjgflfybz yf ytuj ghzvjuj cjkytxyjuj
cdtnf&
¤ [jkjlbkmybr ecnfyjdkty dlfkb jn bcnjxybrjd
ntgkf> nfrb[ rfr gkbnf bkb gjceljvjtxyfz
vfibyf&
¤ ntvgthfnehf d gjvtotybb yf[jlbncz d ghtltkf[
jn }16·C lj }32·C&
¤ [jkjlbkmybr ecnfyjdkty ghzvj b cnjbn yf dct[
xtnsh=[ yj;rf[. {jkjlbkmybr yt ljk;ty ,snm
ghbckjy=y r cntyt. Dscjnf yj;tr vj;tn ,snm ghb
ytj,[jlbvjcnb jnhtuekbhjdfyf c gjvjom/
ghbkfuftvjuj r [jkjlbkmybre htuekbhjdjxyjuj
rk/xf&
¤ djple[ cdj,jlyj wbhrekbhetn djrheu
[jkjlbkmybrf&
¤ dtynbkzwbjyyst rfyfks pf b gjl [jkjlbkmybrjv
ybxtv yt pfrhsns. Yfl [jkjlbkmybrjv ljk;yj
,snm yt vtytt 200 cv
2
cdj,jlyjuj ghjcnhfycndf
kb,j f@ ghzvj yfl [jkjlbkmybrjv> kb,j b@ pf
[jkjlbkmybrjv b yfl ybv> d 'njv ckexft
hfccnjzybt jn pflytq gfytkb [jkjlbkmybrf lj
cntys ljk;yj ,snm yt vtytt 50 vv.
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj ikfyu nfkjq djls dtl=n
d bcgfhbntkmysq gjlljy pf [jkjlbkmybrjv.
Tckb [jkjlbkmybr cnjbn d euke gtnkzvb r cntyt>
vt;le cntyjq b [jkjlbkmybrjv ljk;yj ,snm yt
vtytt 10 vv cdj,jlyjuj ghjcnhfycndf> lkz njuj
xnj,s ldthm jnrhsdfkfcm ljcnfnjxyj ibhjrj lkz
dsldb;tybz gjkjr.
Gjlrk/xtybt gbnfybz
{jkjlbkmybr cktletn gjlrk/xbnm r pfptvk=yyjq
hjptnrt.
Yfghz;tybt% 230 D.
Ghtlj[hfybntkm% 10 F.
Ytj,[jlbvst lfyyst ghbdtltys yf nf,kbxrt c
nt[ybxtcrbvb lfyysvb [jkjlbkmybrf> rjnjhfz
hfcgjkj;tyf dyenhb ytuj c ktdjq cnjhjys.
14
4
5
1
2
3
Bpvtytybt cnjhjys jnrhsdfybz ldthb
1. Pfrhjqnt [jkjlbkmybr b dsymnt dbkre bp
hjptnrb.
2. Cybvbnt dtynbkzwbjyye/ hti=nre. Yf hti=nrt
bvttncz c(=vyfz ltnfkm> rjnjhe/ cktletn
cyznm b ecnfyjdbnm yf ghjnbdjgjkj;yjq cnjhjyt.
3. Lkz njuj xnj,s gjkj;bnm [jkjlbkmybryf ,jr>
gjl ytuj htrjvtyletncz gjlkj;bnm rfre/-
yb,elm vzure/ gjlrkflre> lkz njuj xnj,s pf
ytuj ,skj pfntv ktuxt dpznmcz ghb gjlyznbb
tuj j,hfnyj d dthnbrfkmyjt gjkj;tybt.
4. Jndthybnt dbyns yb;ytq gtnkb b cybvbnt
yb;y// ldthm. Dsdthybnt cnth;tym dth[ytq
gtnkb b cybvbnt dth[y// ldthm.
5. Ghjvt;enjxyfz ,fkrf% dsymnt gkfcnvfccjdst
pfukeirb c gjvjom/ ljhyf. Gthtcnfdmnt chtl-
y// gtnk/ yf ghjnbdjgjkj;ye/ cnjhjye.
Dshjdyzqnt dsitlitt bp jndthcnbq gtnkb
djkjryj b dcnfdmnt d jndthcnbz yjdst pfukeirb.
6.Gthtdthybnt j,jheljdfybt ldthb d
ghjnbdjgjkj;yjt gjkj;tybt. Dcnfdmnt yjde/
pfukeire d jndthcnbt yb;ytq ldthb.
Ecnfyjdbnt [jkjlbkmybr j,hfnyj d dthnbrfkmyjt
gjkj;tybt. Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj jy dshjdyty
gj ujhbpjynfkb. Cv. erfpfybz> ghbdtl=yyst d hfpltkt
Ecnfyjdrf.
7
6
7. Ecnfdyjdbnt dth[y// ldthm yf vtcnj b pfrhtgbnt
cnth;tym dth[ytq gtnkb. Ecnfyjdbnt yb;y//
ldthm yf vtcnj. Ecnfyjdbnt cnth;tym yb;ytq
gtnkb d ghjnbdjgjkj;yjt gjkj;tybt. Ecnfyjdbnt
yb;y// gtnk/ yf vtcnj. Djpvj;ysq pfpjh
cktletn elfkbnm gjchtlcndjv htuekbhjdfybz
dscjns yb;ytq gtnkb ghbkfuftvsv r
[jkjlbkmybre htuekbhjdjxysv rk/xjv.
Pfabrcbheqnt gjkj;tybt ldthb rjynhzotq
ufqrjq. Gthtcnfdmnt pfobnye/ gkfcnbye
dtynbkzwbjyyjq hti=nrb b ecnfyjdbnt hti=nre
j,hfnyj yf vtcnj.
15
NT{J<CKE:BDFYBT B PFGFCYST XFCNB
Pf nt[j,cke;bdfybtv b pfgxfcnzvb j,hfofqntcm d egjkyjvjxtyye/ yf
nt[j,cke;bdfybt abhve.
Df;ytqibt pfgfcyst xfcnb r lfyyjq ,snjdjq vfibyt vjuen ,snm
ghbj,htntys d ntxtybt 10 ktn gjckt njuj> rfr jyf cyznf c ghjbpdjlcndf.
UFHFYNBZ
Ufhfynbqyst eckjdbz ghbdtltys d jnltkmyjq nf,kbwt.
Cjukfcyj Pfrjye «J pfobnt ghfd gjnht,bntktq»> ghb yfheitybb ecnfyjdktyys[ ghfdbk bcgjkmpjdfybz
dhtl> ghbxby=yysq dcktlcndbt nfrb[ yfheitybq> yt djpvtoftncz b nht,jdfybz gj ytljcnfnrfv>
djpybribv d htpekmnfnt nfrb[ yfheitybq> yt eljdktndjhz/ncz.
Tckb Ds j,hfoftntcm d cthdbcysq wtynh gj gjdjle jlyjq bp nfrb[ ytbcghfdyjcntq bkb d htpekmnfnt
ytcj,k/ltybz ghfdbk 'rcgkefnfwbb> nj> lf;t d gthbjl ltqcndbz ufhfynbb> Dfv> djpvj;yj> ghbl=ncz
jgkfnbnm dspjd cgtwbfkbcnf.
Ddble ytghthsdyjuj hfpdbnbz yfitq ghjlerwbb
jcnfdkztv pf cj,jq ghfdj yf dytctybt
bpvtytybq.
/