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> nfr rfr ,enskrb vjuen nhtcyenm.
¤ {jkjlbkmybr nz;=ksq> tuj rhfz bkb dscnegf/obt
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ERFPFYBZ GJ <TPJGFCYJCNB "RCGKEFNFWBB 2
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"RCGKEFNFWBZ VJHJPBKMYBRF 6
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GHFRNBXTCRBT CJDTNS
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"rjkjubz 9
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D CKEXFT DJPYBRYJDTYBZ YTBCGHFDYJCNB 12
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3
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2 gjkrf lkz ,enskjr
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8 gjlyjc lkz pfvjhf;bdfybz
9 zobr vjhjpbkmybrf
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11 rfktylfhm vjhjpbkmybrf
12 gjldtcyjq zobr
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[jkjlbkmybrf.
D Lbcgktq nthvjvtnhf
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C Htuekznjh ntvgthfnehs # nthvjcnfn
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D Ryjgrf ,scnhjuj j[kf;ltybz
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F Dsrk/xfntkm gbnfybz vjhjpbkmybrf
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G Lbcgktq nthvjvtnhf
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vjhjpbkmybrf.
Y Htuekznjh ntvgthfnehs # nthvjcnfn
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I Ryjgrf ,scnhjuj pfvjhf;bdfybz
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,scnhjuj pfvjhf;bdfybz.
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L Rhfcyfz cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf
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4
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[jkjlbkmybrjv ikfyu nfkjq djls dtl=n d
bcgfhbntkmysq gjlljy.
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b drk/xbnm [jkjlbkmybr d gthdsq hfp>
tve cktletn lfnm jncnjznmcz d ntxtybt
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ntxtybt 4 xfcjd d ckexft
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"RCGKEFNFWBZ {JKJLBKMYBRF
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ntvgthfnehs
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{jkjlbkmybr drk/xftncz c gjvjom/ dsrk/xfntkz
gbnfybz.
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ntvgthfneht !ntvgthfnehf vj;tn ,snm jnhtuekbhjdfyf
jn }1·C lj }9·C@.
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gjyb;tybz yf - .
Gjckt ecnfyjdrb ntvgthfnehs yf lbcgktt ujhbn
j,jpyfxtybt - lj nt[ gjh> gjrf ntvgthfnehf yt
jgecnbncz lj }9·C bkb yb;t.
Gjckt dscnfdktybz ntvgthfnehs [jkjlbkmybre
cktletn lfnm gjhf,jnfnm d ntxtybt cenjr> lkz njuj
xnj,s ntvgthfnehf ecgtkf c,fkfycbhjdfnmcz. Ghb
drk/xtybb [jkjlbkmybrf gjckt gththsdf d
'rcgkefnfwbb d 'njv ytn ytj,[jlbvjcnb> nfr rfr
ntvgthfnehf fdnjvfnbxtcrb ecnfyfdkbdftncz yf njn
ehjdtym> yf rjnjhjv jyf ,skj lj dsrk/xtybz.
Jnrk/xtybt gbnfybz
{jkjlbkmybr dsrk/xftncz c gjvjom/ dsrk/xfntkz
gbnfybz. Lkz njuj xnj,s dsrk/xtybt ghjbpjikj ,tp
gjvt[> ryjgre cktletn lth;fnm d yf;fnjv gjkj;tybb
d ntxtybt ghb,kbpbntkmyj jlyjq ctreyls.
Yfghz;tybt gjkyjcnm/ jnrk/xtyj jn
[jkjlbkmybrf njulf> rjulf dbkrf dsyenf
bp hjptnrb bkb rjulf ghtlj[hfybntkm
dsdthyen bp 'ktrnhbxtcrjuj obnf. Ghb
dsybvfybb dbkrb bp hjptnrb nzyenm
cktletn pf dbkre> f yt pf ghjdjl.
5
Ntvgthfnehf dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf
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zdkztncz }5·C. <jktt ybprfz ntvgthfnehf vj;tn
ghbdtcnb r pfvthpfyb/ ghjlernjd c dscjrbv
cjlth;fybtv ;blrjcnb d ckexft b[ gjvtotybz d
cfvst [jkjlyst vtcnf dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf. Cfvst
[jkjlyst b cfvst n=gkst vtcnf d [jkjlbkmybrt
bpj,hf;tys yf hbceyrt. Vzcyst> hs,yst b vjkjxyst
ghjlerns cktletn gjvtofnm d cfvst [jkjlyst
vtcnf !-@.
Bpvthtybt ntvgthfnehs
D ckexft bpvthtybz ntvgthfnehs dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf
j,sxysv nthvjvtnhjv tuj cktletn gjcnfdbnm d
cnfrfy djls d wtynht [jkjlbkmybrf. D 'njv ckexft
gjrfpsdftvfz bv ntvgthfnehf yfb,jktt cjjndtncndetn
ntvgthfneht [hfybvs[ d [jkjlbkmybrt ghjlernjd.
Nthvjvtnh yt cktletn gjldtibdfnm bkb rkfcnm yf
gjkre.
Gjktpyst cjdtns%
¤ Ghjlerns ljk;ys ,snm hfpkj;tys d [jkjlbkmybrt
jnltkmyj lheu jn lheuf nfrbv j,hfpjv> xnj,s
djple[ vju cdj,jlyj wbhrekbhjdfnm vt;le
ybvb.
¤ Ghjlerns yt ljk;ys rfcfnmcz gfytkb j[kf;ltybz
d pflytq cntyrt [jkjlbkmybrf> nfr rfr jyb vjuen
ghb 'njv pfv=hpyenm.
¤ Yb d rjtv ckexft yt gjvtofqnt d [jkjlbkmybr
n=gks[ ghjlernjd. Ghjlerns ljk;ys cyfxfkf
jcnsnm lj rjvyfnyjq ntvgthfnehs.
¤ Dct ghjlerns ljk;ys ,snm yflkt;fobv j,hfpjv
egfrjdfys dj bp,t;fybt gthtlfxb drecjd b
pfgf[jd.
FDFHBQYSQ CBUYFK B LHEUBT AEYRWBB
Fdfhbqysq cbuyfk jnrhsnjq ldthb
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gjkj;tybb ,jktt 5 vbyen> hfplf=ncz pderjdjq
cbuyfk b rhfcyfz cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf yfxbyftn
vbufnm. Lkz njuj xnj,s dsrk/xbnm pderjdjq cbuyfk>
yf;vbnt yf ryjgre tuj c,hjcf. Rhfcyfz cbuyfkmyfz
kfvgjxrf dsrk/xftncz ghb pfrhsdfybb ldthb.
Aeyrwbz ,scnhjuj j[kf;ltybz
Lfyyfz aeyrwbz vj;tn ,snm bcgjkmpjdfyf lkz
jlyjdhtvtyyjuj j[kf;ltybz ,jkmijuj rjkbxtcndf
ghjlernjd. Ghb drk/xtybb lfyyjq aeyrwbb
ntvgthfnehf ecnfyfdkbdftncz yf }2·C. Ghb 'njv
pfujhftncz ;=knfz cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf> f yf lbcgktt
dblyj j,jpyfxtybt F. Aeyrwbz ,scnhjuj j[kf;ltybz
fdnjvfnbxtcrb jnrk/xftncz gj bcntxtybt
ghb,kbpbntkmyj 6 xfcjd> f ntvgthfnehf gjcntgtyyj
djpdhfoftncz yf ecnfyjdktyysq lj 'njuj ehjdtym.
Lkz njuj xnj,s jnrk/xbnm aeyrwb/ ,scnhjuj
j[kf;ltybz dhexye/> cktletn to= hfp yf;fnm yf
ryjgre.
6
Dyenhtyytt ghjcnhfycndj [jkjlbkmybrf
Zobr lkz [hfytybz jdjotq hfpltk=y yf ytcrjkmrj
jnltktybq lkz [hfytybz hfpkbxys[ dblkjd jdjotq.
Gjkrb b ldthyst jnltktybz kturj cybvf/ncz> b[
vj;yj vtyznm vtcnfvb. Ytrjnjhst gjkrb cktletn
cyfxfkf ghbgjlyznm c pflytq xfcnb> lkz njuj xnj,s
b[ vj;yj ,skj dsnzyenm yf ct,z.
Yb;ytt ldthyjt jnltktybt> f nf;rt gjkre yfl
jnltktybtv lkz [hfytybz jdjotq yt cktletn
gthtcnfdkznm> nfr rfr jyb j,tcgtxbdf/n ghfdbkmye/
wbhrekzwb/ djple[f dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf. Gjkrb c
gjlyznsv rhftv cktletn ecnfyfdkbdfnm gjlyznsv
rhftv r pflytq cntyrt [jkjlbkmybrf> lkz njuj xnj,s
[hfybvst ghjlerns yt rfcfkbcm gfytkb j[kf;ltybz.
"RCGKEFNFWBZ VJHJPBKMYBRF
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ntvgthfnehs
Drk/xtybt gbnfybz%
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gbnfybz. Tckb ntvgthfnehf dyenhb vjhjpbkmybrf
yf[jlbncz ghb 'njv yf ehjdyt rjvyfnyjq> hfplf=ncz
pderjdjq cbuyfk> rjnjhsq cktletn jnrk/xbnm
gjchtlcndjv yf;fnbz yf ryjgre tuj c,hjcf.
Htuekbhjdfybt ntvgthfnehs%
Yf;bvfqnt yf ryjgre lj nt[ gjh> gjrf yf lbcgktt
yt pfvbuftn pyfxtybt> cjjndtncnde/ott ;tkftvjq
ntvgthfneht !ntvgthfnehf vj;tn ,snm jnhtuekbhjdfyf
jn -15·C lj -24·C@.
Lkz gjdsitybt ntvgthfnehs yf;bvfqnt yf }> yf
gjyb;tybz yf - .
Gjckt ecnfyjdrb ntvgthfnehs lbcgktq gjrfpsdftn
pyfxtybt ntvgthfnehs d lfyysq vjvtyn.
Gjckt dscnfdktybz ntvgthfnehs vjhjpbkmybre
cktletn lfnm gjhf,jnfnm d ntxtybt cenjr> lkz njuj
xnj,s ntvgthfnehf ecgtkf c,fkfycbhjdfnmcz. Ghb
drk/xtybb vjhjpbkmybrf gjckt gththsdf d
'rcgkefnfwbb d 'njv ytn ytj,[jlbvjcnb> nfr rfr
ntvgthfnehf fdnjvfnbxtcrb ecnfyfdkbdftncz yf njn
ehjdtym> yf rjnjhjv jyf ,skj lj dsrk/xtybz.
Jnrk/xtybt gbnfybz
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gbnfybz. Lkz njuj xnj,s dsrk/xtybt ghjbpjikj ,tp
gjvt[> ryjgre cktletn lth;fnm d yf;fnjv gjkj;tybb
d ntxtybt ghb,kbpbntkmyj jlyjq ctreyls.
Yfghz;tybt gjkyjcnm/ jnrk/xtyj jn
vjhjpbkmybrf njulf> rjulf dbkrf dsyenf
bp hjptnrb bkb rjulf ghtlj[hfybntkm
dsdthyen bp 'ktrnhbxtcrjuj obnf. Ghb
dsybvfybb dbkrb bp hjptnrb nzyenm
cktletn pf dbkre> f yt pf ghjdjl.
7
FDFHBQYSQ CBUYFK B LHEUBT AEYRWBB
Fdfhbqysq cbuyfk jnrhsnjq ldthb
Tckb ldthm vjhjpbkmybrf yf[jlbncz d jnrhsnjv
gjkj;tybb ,jktt 1 vbyens> hfplf=ncz pderjdjq
cbuyfk b rhfcyfz cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf yfxbyftn
vbufnm. Lkz njuj xnj,s dsrk/xbnm pderjdjq cbuyfk>
yf;vbnt yf ryjgre tuj c,hjcf. Pderjdjq cbuyfk
hfplf=ncz c gthbjlbxyjcnm/ d jlye vbyene lj nt[
gjh> gjrf ldthm yt jrf;tncz pfrhsnf. Rhfcyfz
cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf dsrk/xftncz ghb pfrhsdfybb
ldthb.
Fdfhbqysq cbuyfk ntvgthfnehs
Tckb d vjhjpbkmybrt ckbirjv ntgkj> hfplf=ncz
pderjdjq cbuyfk b rhfcyfz cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf
yfxbyftn vbufnm. Jlyjdhtvtyyj c 'nbv vbuftn
pyfxtybt ntvgthfnehs yf lbcgktt. Lkz njuj xnj,s
dsrk/xbnm pderjdjq cbuyfk> yf;vbnt yf ryjgre tuj
c,hjcf. Gjrfpfybt ntvgthfnehs nfr;t gthtcnfytn
vbufnm. Rhfcyfz cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf gjufcytn>
rjulf ntvgthfnehf dyenhb vjhjpbkmybrf jgecnbncz
yb;t -11·C. Gjcnfhfqntcm dszcybnm ghbxbye gjlyznbz
ntvgthfnehs. Cv. hfpltk D CKEXFT DJPYBRYJDTYBZ
YTBCGHFDYJCNB.
Gfvznm ntvgthfnehs
Gfvznm ntvgthfnehs abrcbhetn chf,fnsdfybt
fdfhbqyjuj cbuyfkf cktle/obv j,hfpjv% rjulf
gjckt chf,fnsdfybz fdfhbqyjuj cbuyfkf ntvgthfnehf
cyjdf jgecrftncz yb;t -11·C> pderjdjq cbuyfk ds-
rk/xftncz. Gfvznm ntvgthfnehs erfpsdftn yf nj> xnj
fdfhbqysq cbuyfk chf,jnfk> n.t. gjrfpfybt
ntvgthfnehyjuj lbcgktz b rhfcyfz fdfhbqyfz kfvgjxrf
vbuf/n. Ghb yf;fnbb yf ryjgre c,hjcf lbcgktq
gjrfpsdftn cfve/ dscjre/ ntvgthfnehe d vjvtyn
chf,fnsdfybz fdfhbqyjuj cbuyfkf> f vbufybt
ntvgthfnehyjuj lbcgktz ghtrhfoftncz. Yf jcyjdfybb
gjrfpfybz ntvgthfnehyjuj lbcgktz vj;yj ghbyznm
htitybt j njv> ghbujlys kb ghjlerns r
bcgjkmpjdfyb/.
Ghb,k. -12·C% ,jkmie/ xfcnm ghjlernjd vj;yj
cyjdf pfvjhjpbnm. Vjhj;tyjt jxtym xedcndbntkmyj
r gthtvtyfv ntvgthfnehs> gj'njve tuj ye;yj
ytvtlktyyj egjnht,bnm d gboe.
Jn -9·C lj -2·C% pfvjhj;tyyst gjkeaf,hbrfns b
cdt;bt ghjlerns cktletn ghbujnjdbnm b kb,j
egjnht,bnm d gboe> kb,j cyjdf pfvjhjpbnm e;t d
ghbujnjdktyyjv dblt. Jnnfzdibt vjhcrbt ghjlerns
gjdnjhyjve pfvjhf;bdfyb/ djj,ot yt gjlkt;fn.
8
Pfvjhf;bdfybt
Tckb d ntxtybt 24 xfcjd pfvjhf;bdf/ncz njkmrj
kbim yt,jkmibt rjkbxtcndf ghjlernjd> d yf;fnbb yf
ryjgre ,scnhjuj pfvjhf;bdfybz ytn ytj,[jlbvjcnb.
D ghjnbdyjv ckexft yf ryjgre cktletn yf;fnm
ghb,kbpbntkmyj pf cenrb lj gjvtotybz
pfvjhf;bdftvs[ ghjlernjd d vjhjpbkmybr.
Ht;bv ,scnhjuj pfvjhf;bdfybz fdnjvfnbxtcrb ds-
rk/xftncz xthtp 48 xfcjd gjckt yf;fnbz yf ryjgre.
Tuj vj;yj dsrk/xbnm b hfymit gjchtlcndjv
gjdnjhyjuj yf;fnbz yf ryjgre.
:=knfz cbuyfkmyfz kfvgjxrf ujhbn dc= dhtvz ghb
drk/x=yyjv ht;bvt pfvjhf;bdfybz. Gjrfpfybt F yf
lbcgktt erfpsdftn yf drk/x=yysq ht;bv
pfvjhf;bdfybz.
Gjktpyst cjdtns gj pfvjhf;bdfyb/%
¤ Pfvjhf;bdftvst ghjlerns cktletn rkfcnm yf
dth[y// gjkre bkb yf yf[jlzoe/cz
ytgjchtlcndtyyj gjl ytq gjkre.
¤ Ghjlerns cktletn rkfcnm ghzvj yf gjkre lkz
pfvjhf;bdfybz.
¤ Ghjlerns cktletn hfcgjkfufnm nfrbv j,hfpjv>
xnj,s djple[ vju cdj,jlyj wbhrekbhjdfnm
vt;le ybvb.
¤ Pfvjhf;bdftvst ghjlerns yt ljk;ys rfcfnmcz
e;t pfvjhj;tyys[> nfr rfr pfvjhj;tyysq ghjlern
vj;tn d 'njv ckexft xfcnbxyj hfpvjhjpbnmcz.
¤ Gjckt njuj rfr cdt;bt ghjlerns jrf;encz
gjkyjcnm/ pfvjhj;tys> b[ cktletn gjkj;bnm rfr
vj;yj ,jktt gkjnyj lheu r lheue> lkz njuj
xnj,s jyb yt hfpvjhf;bdfkbcm d ntxtybt rfr
vj;yj ,jktt ghjljk;bntkmyjuj dhtvtyb>
yfghbvth> d ckexft j,hsdf d gjlfxt gbnfybz.
¤ Yt pfvjhf;bdfqnt ckbirjv ,jkmijuj rjkbxtcndf
ghjlernjd jlyjdhtvtyyj. Vjoyjcnm
pfvjhf;bdfybz vjhjpbkmybrf erfpfyf d nf,kbwt
c nt[ybxtcrbvb lfyysvb.
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj vjhjpbkmybr
hf,jnftn b xnj ntvgthfnehf lth;bncz
yf ecnfyjdktyyjv ehjdyt d ntxtybt
cenjr gjckt gthdjuj drk/xtybz. Njkmrj
gjckt 'njuj vjhjpbkmybr vj;yj
bcgjkmpjdfnm lkz pfvjhf;bdfybz cdt;b[
ghjlernjd.
Ntvgthfnehf dyenhb vjhjpbkmybrf
Lkz njuj xnj,s ghjlerns [hfybkbcm rfr vj;yj
ljkmit> ntvgthfnehf dyenhb vjhjpbkmybrf ljk;yf
,snm -18·C bkb yb;t. J,hfnbnt dybvfybt yf nj> xnj
gj vtht cyb;tybz ntvgthfnehs gjnht,ktybt gbnfybz
djphfcnftn.
Lbcgktq nthvjvtnhf gjrfpsdftn ntvgthfnehe d
cfvjq n=gkjq njxrt dyenhb vjhjpbkmybrf. Lkz njuj
xnj,s bpvthbnm ntvgthfnehe j,sxysv nthvjvtnhjv>
tuj cktletn gjvtcnbnm vt;le pfvjhj;tyysvb
ghjlernfvb> lkz njuj xnj,s jy gjrfpsdfk b[
ltqcndbntkmye/ ntvgthfnehe. D ckexft bpvthtybz
ntvgthfnehs rfrbv-kb,j bysv j,hfpjv gjrfpfybt
jrfpsdftncz ytcrjkmrj ,jktt dscjrbv.
Chjrb [hfytybz ghjlernjd
Cj,k/lfqnt chjrb [hfytybz regktyys[ d vfufpbyt
pfvjhj;tyys[ ghjlernjd.
Pvjhj;tyyst ljvf ghjlerns% ;bhyst b cjk=yst
ghjlerns vjuen [hfybnmcz d vjhjpbkmybrt yt ,jktt
nh=[ vtczwtd. Dfh=yst ghjlerns b ghjlerns c
yt,jkmibv cjlth;fybtv ;bhf [hfybncz d
vjhjpbkmybrt lj gjkeujlf. Gjcnyst ghjlerns b
zujls [hfyzncz d vjhjpbkmybrt lj ujlf.
Hfpvjhf;bdfybt
Ghjlerns kexit dctuj hfpvjhf;bdfnm d [jkjlbkmybrt
d uke,jrjq nfhtkrt> lkz njuj xnj,s nf/ofz ;blrjcnm
yt ghjntrkf dj dyenhtyytt ghjcnhfycndj
[jkjlbkmybrf. Lkz ,scnhjuj hfpvjhf;bdfybz
ghjlernjd b[ vj;yj gjvtcnbnm d rjvyfnye/
ntvgthfnehe bkb d [jkjlye/ djle. D ckexft
hfpvjhf;bdfybz ghjlernjd d vbrhjdjkyjdjq gtxb
cktletn cj,k/lfnm erfpfybz t= bpujnjdbntktq.
9
DYENHTYYTT GHJCNHFYCNDJ VJHJPBKMYBRF
Zobrb vjhjpbkmybrf
Zobrb lkz [hfytybz ghjlernjd gjvjuf/n ,scnhj
yfqnb ye;ysq ghjlern. Lkz edtkbxtybz j,(=vf
dyenhtyytuj ghjcnhfycndf vjhjpbkmybrf zobrb vj;yj
dsyenm b gjkj;bnm ghjlerns ghzvj yf gjkrb. Yf dct
gjkrb pf bcrk/xtybtv dth[ytq ghjlerns vj;yj
rkfcnm nfrbv j,hfpjv> xnj,s jyb dscnegfkb pf rhfq
gjkrb yf 20 vv> lkz vfrcbvfkmyjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz
dyenhtyytuj ghjcnhfycndf vjhjpbkmybrf.
Yb;ybq zobr dsybvfnm bp vjhjpbkmybrf yt cktletn>
nfr rfr tuj ghbcencndbt ytj,[jlbvj lkz yflkt;fotq
wbhrekzwbb djple[f.
Gjlyjc lkz pfvjhf;bdfybz
Gjlyjc lkz pfvjhf;bdfybz bcgjkmpetncz lkz
pfvjhf;bdfybz> yfghbvth> zujl b bkb jdjotq.
Ghjlerns pfvjhf;bdf/ncz ghb,kbpbntkmyj pf xtnsht
xfcf> gjckt xtuj b[ vj;yj egfrjdfnm j,sxysv
j,hfpjv. Nfr rfr zujls pfvjhj;tys gj jnltkmyjcnb>
jyb yt ghbvthpf/n lheu r lheue b b[ vj;yj
dsybvfnm bp egfrjdrb d ye;yjv rjkbxtcndt.
Gjcelf lkz ghbujnjdktybz ktlzys[ re,brjd
Gjcele lkz ghbujnjdktybz ktlzys[ re,brjd cktletn
pfgjkyznm djljq yt ,jktt xtv yf nhb xtndthnb> nfr
rfr djlf ghb pfvthpfybb hfcibhztncz. Ktlzyst
re,brb dsybvf/ncz gjchtlcndjv jcnjhj;yjuj
cub,fybz gjcels. Ghb ckbirjv ljkujv [hfytybb
ktlzyst re,brb dscs[f/n b b[ drec e[eliftncz>
gj'njve cnfhst re,brb kexit elfkbnm bp gjcels
b ghbujnjdbnm yjdst.
Dsldb;yfz gjkrf
Dyenhb vjhjpbkmybrf bvttncz dsldb;yfz gjkrf>
rjnjhe/ vj;yj dsyenm d ckexft [hfytybz d y=v
rhegys[ ghjlernjd.
GHFRNBXTCRBT CJDTNS
Cjdtns gj 'rjyjvbb 'ythubb
¤ Vtcnj hfcgjkj;tybz [jkjlbkmybrf cktletn
nofntkmyj ds,hfnm cjukfcyj erfpfybzv>
ghbdtl=yysv d hfpltkt VJYNF:. Ghfdbkmyj
ecnfyjdktyysq [jkjlbkmybr gjnht,kztn vtymit
'ythubb.
¤ Yt jnrhsdfqnt ldthtq [jkjlbkmybrf ,tp
ytj,[jlbvjcnb b yt lth;bnt b[ ckbirjv ljkuj
d jnrhsnjv gjkj;tybb.
¤ Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj ldthb [jkjlbkmybrf
gkjnyj pfrhsns.
¤ Pfvjhj;tyyst ghjlerns cktletn hfpvjhf;bdfnm
d [jkjlbkmybrt> nfr rfr b[ [jkjl cyb;ftn
gjnht,ktybt 'ythubb [jkjlbkmybrf.
¤ Hfcgjkj;tyyst pf [jkjlbkmybrjv rjvghtccjh b
cbcntve j[kf;ltybz cktletn xbcnbnm gsktcjcjv
ghb,kbpbntkmyj hfp d ujl.
¤ Gthtl ntv rfr gjvtcnbnm ghjlerns d vjhjpbkmybr>
j[kflbnt b[ d [jkjlbkmybrt.
¤ Dj bp,t;fybt j,hfpjdfybz bpkbiytuj rjkbxtcndf
ktlzyjuj rjyltycfnf ghjlerns cktletn nofntkmyj
egfrjdsdfnm.
¤ Ghb pfvjhf;bdfybb ghjlernjd cktletn nofntkmyj
cj,k/lfnm erfpfybz> ghbdtl=yyst d hfpltkt
PFVJHF:BDFYBT> lkz njuj xnj,s vjhjpbkmybr
hfc[jljdfk vbybvfkmyjt rjkbxtcndj 'ythubb.
¤ D ckbirjv ybprjq ntvgthfneht dyenhb
vjhjpbkmybrf ytn ytj,[jlbvjcnb. Gj[jlzofz
ntvgthfnehf yf[jlbncz d ghtltkf[ jn -18·C lj -
20·C.
¤ Rjulf ckjq ktlzyjuj rjyltycfnf ljcnbuytn 3 - 5
vv> vjhjpbkmybr cktletn hfpvjhjpbnm.
¤ Eljcnjdthmntcm d wtkjcnyjcnb b xbcnjnt
egkjnybntkmyjq ghjrkflrb ldthb.
"rjkjubz
¤ Bpjkzwbz b [kfljfutyn [jkjlbkmybrf yt cjlth;fn
dhtlys[ lkz jpjyyjq j,jkjxrb vfnthbfkjd.
10
¤ Dct egfrjdjxyst vfnthbfks [jkjlbkmybrf
gjlkt;fn gjdnjhyjve bcgjkmpjdfyb/.
¤ Rjycnherwbz [jkjlbkmybrf nfrjdf> xnj jy kturj
ltvjynbhetncz lkz enbkbpfwbb.
J[hfyf jrhe;f/otq chtls
¤ Rfr egfrjdjxyst vfnthbfks> nfr b cnfhst
[jkjlbkmybrb b vjhjpbkmybrb cktletn ljcnfdkznm
yf geyrn enbkbpfwbb dnjhbxyjuj cshmz.
Ljgjkybntkmye/ byajhvfwb/ vj;yj gjkexbnm e
jndtxf/ob[ pf j,hf,jnre jn[jljd bycnfywbq bkb
e ghjlfdwf [jkjlbkmybrf.
¤ Ghjlerns cktletn [hfybnm d ,fyrf[ b egfrjdrf[>
rjnjhst vj;yj bcgjkmpjdfnm ytjlyjrhfnyj.
¤ Lkz xbcnrb [jkjlbkmybrf cktletn bcgjkmpjdfnm
vzurbt vj/obt chtlcndf.
¤ Cj,k/lfqnt cjdtns gj 'rjyjvbb 'ythubb.
XBCNRF B E{JL
Cyznbt dtynbkzwbjyyjq hti=nrb
Dtynbkzwbjyye/ hti=nre vj;yj cyznm> yfghbvth>
lkz j,ktxtybz xbcnrb [jkjlbkmybrf. Lkz njuj xnj,s
cyznm hti=nre> gjnzybnt t= yf ct,z nfr> xnj,s jyf
jno=kryekfcm c abrcfnjhjd.
Xbcnrf
{jkjlbkmybr cktletn htuekzhyj xbcnbnm. Gthtl
dsgjkytybtv xbcnrb [jkjlbkmybrf tuj cktletn
dsrk/xbnm b dsyenm dbkre bp hjptnrb bkb ;t
dsdthyenm ghtlj[hfybntkm. Dsybvf/obtcz ltnfkb
cktletn dsyenm b dsvsnm dhexye/. Dyenhtyybt b
yfhe;yst gjdth[yjcnb> f nfr;t egkjnybntkmye/
ghjrkflre ldthb [jkjlbkmybrf cktletn nofntkmyj
ghjnthtnm vzurjq nhzgrjq> cvjxtyyjq n=gkjq djljq
c lj,fdktybtv chtlcndf lkz hexyjuj vsnmz gjcels.
Yt pfrhsdfqnt ldthb lj nt[ gjh> gjrf dyenhtyybt
gjdth[yjcnb [jkjlbkmybr yt dscj[yen gjkyjcnm/.
Rfyfk lkz cnjrf nfkjq djls dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf
cktletn gthbjlbxtcrb xbcnbnm. D ckexft pfcjhtybz
rfyfk cktletn ghjqnb ytjcnhsv gkfcnvfccjdsv
ghtlvtnjv.
Lkz njuj xnj,s [jkjlbkmybr yt wfhfgfk gjk> ghb
gthtvtotybb tuj cktletn gjlybvfnm pf gthtlybq
rhfq.
Pfvtyf kfvgjxrb dyenhtyytuj jcdtotybz
Kfvgjxrf dyenhtyytuj jcdtotybz [jkjlbkmybrf
drk/xftncz fdnjvfnbxtcrb ghb jnrhsdfybb ldthb.
Gthtl dsgjkytybtv pfvtys kfvgjxrb dbkre cktletn
dsyenm bp hjptnrb.
Cj;vbnt ghe;byre ldevz gfkmwfvb b jlyjdhtvtyyj
dsymnt pfobnye/ hti=nre kfvgjxrb gj yfghfdktyb/
dybp. Pfvtybnt gthtujhtdie/ kfvgjxre yf
fyfkjubxye/> wjrjkm T14> vjoyjcnm yt ,jktt 25 Dn.
Rjulf [jkjlbkmybr yt bcgjkmpetncz
Dsrk/xbnt [jkjlbkmybr b dsymnt dbkre bp hjptnrb
bkb ;t dsdthybnt ghtlj[hfybntkm. Xbcnrf
[jkjlbkmybrf dsgjkyztncz nfr> rfr jgbcfyj d
cjjndtncnde/otv hfpltkt. Dj bp,t;fybt j,hfpjdfybz
ytghbznyjuj pfgf[f ldthm [jkjlbkmybrf cktletn
jcnfdbnm d ghbjnrhsnjv gjkj;tybb.
11
Hfpvjhf;bdfybt vjhjpbkmybrf
Yf gjkrf[ b d dth[ytq xfcnb vjhjpbkmybrf j,hfpetncz
ytrjnjhjt rjkbxtncdj ktlzyjuj rjyltycfnf. Rjulf
njkobyf tuj ckjz ljcnbuytn 3 - 5 vv> vjhjpbkmybr
cktletn hfpvjhjpbnm.
Dsymnt bp vjhjpbkmybrf zobrb. Gjcnfdmnt zobrb
lheu yf lheuf> hfpdthyed lkz 'njuj rf;lsq dnjhjq
zobr yf 90 uhflecjd. Zobrb vj;yj yfrhsnm
ufptnyjq ,evfujq bkb jltzkjv. Pfvjhj;tyyst
ghjlerns ljk;ys ,snm gkjnyj ghb;fns lheu r
lheue b gjkj;tys d ghj[kflyjt vtcnj> yfghbvth>
d [jkjlbkmybr.
Lkz ecrjhtybz ghjwtccf hfpvjhf;bdfybz d
vjhjpbkmybr vj;yj gjcnfdbnm cjcel c ujhzxtq !yj
yt rbgzotq@ djljq.
Dsldbymnt ;=kj, lkz cnjrf nfkjq djls b gjlcnfdmnt
gjl ytuj yb;ybq zobr vjhjpbkmybrf> lkz njuj xnj,s
d ytuj cntrfkf djlf. Lkz njuj xnj,s jcdj,jlbnm
ljcnfnjxyjt lkz 'njuj ghjcnhfycndj> cybvbnt
dtynbkzwbjyye/ hti=nre.
Gj vtht nfzybz kmlf tuj vj;yj elfkznm c gjvjom/
gkfcnvfccjdjq bkb lthtdzyyjq kjgfnrb. Yb d rjtv
ckexft yt bcgjkmpeqnt jcnhs[ bkb wfhfgf/ob[
ghtlvtnjd.
Gjckt hfpvjhf;bdfybz dsnhbnt vjhjpbkmybr yfce[j
b pfldbymnt ;=kj, lkz cnjrf nfkjq djls yf vtcnj.
Drk/xbnt vjhjpbkmybr b gjkj;bnt d ytuj ghjlerns.
D ghjwtcct hfpvjhf;bdfybz
bcgjkmpjdfybt atyf lkz ceirb djkjc
bkb lheub[ yfuhtdfntkmys[ ecnhjqcnd
yt ljgecrftncz. Gthtuhtd vj;tn
gjdhtlbnm dyenhtyybt gkfcnvfccjdst
ltnfkb vjhjpbkmybrf> dcktlcndbt xtuj
djlf vj;tn gjgfcnm yf tuj
'ktrnhbxtcrbt ltnfkb. "nj vj;tn
ghbdtcnb r elfhe njrjv.
Hfpvjhf;bdfybt [jkjlbkmybrf
Hfpvjhf;bdfybt [jkjlbkmybrf ghjbc[jlbn
fdnjvfnbxtcrb rf;lsq hfp> rjulf rjvghtccjh dsrk/
xftncz. Lkz njuj xnj,s ghtljndhfnbnm j,hfpjdfybt
bpkbiytuj rjkbxtcndf ktlzyjuj rjyltycfnf%
¤ gjvtofqnt d [jkjlbkmybr njkmrj jcnsdibt
ghjlerns&
¤ yt jnrhsdfqnt ldthb ,tp ytj,[jlbvjcnb b yt
lth;bnt t= ckbirjv ljkuj d jnrhsnjv gjkj;tybb&
¤ yt rkflbnt ghjlernjd dgkjnye/ r pflytq cntyrt
dyenhtyytuj ghjcnhfycndf [jkjlbkmybrf.
12
D CKEXFT DJPYBRYJDTYBZ YTBCGHFDYJCNB
Ghbxbyf ytbcghfdyjcnb vj;tn jrfpfnmcz yfcnjkmrj ghjcnjq> xnj t= vj;yj ecnhfybnm cfvjcnjzntkmyj. Gthtl
ntv rfr j,hfnbnmcz d egjkyjvjxtyye/ yf nt[j,cke;bdfybt b htvjyn abhve> dybvfntkmyj ghjxbnfqnt
yb;tghbdtl=yyst erfpfybz.
Yf lbcgktt ntvgthfnehs dblyj
j,jpyfxtybt « »> bkb ;t ;=knfz b rhfcyfz
cbuyfkmyst kfvgjxrb vbuf/n jlyjdhtvtyyj
Ytbcghfdyjcnm d bpvthtybb ntvgthfnehs. J,hfnbntcm
d egjkyjvjxtyye/ yf nt[j,cke;bdfybt b htvjyn
abhve. !Cbcntvf j[kf;ltybz j,tcgtxbdftn
yflkt;foe/ ntvgthfnehe ghjlernjd> jlyfrj
bpvthtybt ntvgthfnehs yt aeyrwbjybhetn.@
Hfplf=ncz pderjdjq cbuyfk> rhfcyfz kfvgjxrf
vbuftn !d vjhjpbkmybrt ckbirjv ntgkj@
Djpvj;yj> xnj vjhjpbkmybr njkmrj xnj drk/x=y b
to= yt ecgtk ljcnfnjxyj j[kflbnmcz> cv. cjjndtncnde-
/obq hfpltk. Ldthm vjukf ,snm jcnfdktyf d
jnrhsnjv gjkj;tybb ljcnfnjxyj yfljkuj lkz
chf,fnsdfybz fdfhbqyjuj cbuyfkf.
D [jkjlbkmybrt ckbirjv ntgkj
Ecnfyjdbnt ,jktt ybpre/ ntvgthfnehe.
Hfcgjkj;bnt ghjlerns dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf
yflkt;fobv j,hfpjv - cv. cjjndtncnde/obq hfpltk.
Hfcgjkj;bnt ghjlerns nfrbv j,hfpjv> xnj,s djple[
vju cdj,jlyj wbhrekbhjdfnm vt;le ybvb.
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj ldthm gkjnyj pfrhsnf> f
nfr;t d wtkjcnyjcnb b xbcnjnt t= egkjnybntkmyjq
ghjrkflrb.
D [jkjlbkmybrt ckbirjv [jkjlyj
Ecnfyjdbnt ,jktt dscjre/ ntvgthfnehe.
Jdjob b kturj pfvthpf/obt ghjlerns vjukb
jrfpfnmcz gjvtotys yf ckbirjv [jkjlye/ gjkre.
Cv. hfpltk Ntvgthfnehf dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf.
Gj j[kflbnkmyjq gfytkb dyenhb [jkjlbkmybrf
ntx=n djlf
"nj zdkztncz yjhvfkmysv zdktybtv. D ghjwtcct
fdnjvfnbxtcrjuj hfpvjhf;bdfybz j,hfpe/obqcz yf
gjdth[yjcnb j[kflbntkmyjq gfytkb rjyltycfn nftn.
D [jkjlbkmybr ntx=n djlf
Ghjxbcnbnt rfyfk b jndthcnbt lkz cnjrf nfkjq djls
b eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj gjvto=yyst d
[jkjlbkmybr ghjlerns yt ghtgzncnde/n cnjre djls
d rfyfk.
Djlf ntx=n yf gjk
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj yf[jlzobqcz pf
[jkjlbkmybrjv ikfyu lkz cnjrf nfkjq djls dtl=n
d bcgfhbntkmysq gjlljy. Cv. hfpltk Gthtl yfxfkjv
'rcgkefnfwbb.
D vjhjpbkmybrt ckbirjv ntgkj
Ecnfyjdbnt ,jktt ybpre/ ntvgthfnehe.
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj ldthm gkjnyj pfrhsnf> f
nfr;t d wtkjcnyjcnb b xbcnjnt t= egkjnybntkmyjq
ghjrkflrb.
Gjvto=yyst d vjhjpbkmybr ghjlerns vjukb
jrfpfnmcz ckbirjv n=gksvb. Gjlj;lbnt ytcrjkmrj
xfcjd b cyjdf ghjdthmnt ntvgthfnehe.
Hfcgjkj;bnt ghjlerns nfrbv j,hfpjv> xnj,s djple[
vju cdj,jlyj wbhrekbhjdfnm vt;le ybvb.
D vjhjpbkmybrt ckbirjv [jkjlyj
Ecnfyjdbnt ,jktt dscjre/ ntvgthfnehe.
Ghjdthmnt> yt drk/x=y kb ht;bv pfvjhf;bdfybz.
Lbcgktq nthvjvtnhf gjrfpsdftn cfve/ dscjre/
ntvgthfnehe dyenhb vjhjpbkmybrf.
Hfc[j;ltybt vt;le gjrfpfybtv nthvjvtnhf b
bpvthtyyjq bysv j,hfpjv ntvgthfnehjq zdkztncz
yjhvfkmysv.
<jkmijt rjkbxtcndj rjyltycfnf b kmlf
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj ldthm gkjnyj pfrhsnf> f
nfr;t d wtkjcnyjcnb b xbcnjnt t= egkjnybntkmyjq
ghjrkflrb.
Ecnfyjdbnt ,jktt dscjre/ ntvgthfnehe.
Rjvghtccjh ytghthsdyj hf,jnftn
Ecnfyjdbnt ,jktt dscjre/ ntvgthfnehe.
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj ldthm gkjnyj pfrhsnf> f
nfr;t d wtkjcnyjcnb b xbcnjnt t= egkjnybntkmyjq
ghjrkflrb.
{jkjlbkmybr djj,ot yt hf,jnftn>
j[kf;ltybt> jcdtotybt b cbuyfkmyst
kfvgjxrb yt drk/xf/ncz
Dbkrf yt dcnfdktyf d hjptnre.
Ghtlj[hfybntkm gthtujhtk.
Yf [jkjlbkmybr yt gjcnegftn gbnfybt !ghjdthmnt
hjptnre c gjvjom/ rfrjuj-kb,j byjuj 'ktrnhbxtcrjuj
ecnhjqcndf@.
{jkjlbkmybr ckbirjv ievbn
Cbcntvf j[kf;ltybz ytcrjkmrj ievbn ghb hf,jnt d
ghjwtcct wbhrekzwbb [kfljfutynf d cbcntvt
j[kf;ltybz. Ghb drk/xtybb b dsrk/xtybb
rjvghtccjhf cksibncz gjo=krbdfybt.
Tckb iev rf;tncz ckbirjv cbkmysv%
jcnjhj;yj jnjuybnt nhe,s rjvghtccjhf pf
[jkjlbkmybrjv> nfr xnj,s jyb yt rfcfkbcm lheu
lheuf&
djpvj;yj jndfkbdibtcz ghjrkflrb vt;le nhe,fvb
b pflytq gfytkm/ [jkjlbkmybrf cktletn ecnfyjdbnm
yf vtcnj.
Cj,k/lfqnt erfpfybz> ghbdtl=yyst d hfpltkt
VJYNF:.
J,hsd d gjlfxt gbnfybz
Yt jnrhsdfqnt ldthtq [jkjlbkmybrf ,tp
ytj,[jlbvjcnb. D ckexft ghjljk;bntkmyjuj j,hsdf
d gjlfxt gbnfybz ghjlerns cktletn gj djpvj;yjcnb
gthtkj;bnm d hf,jnf/obq [jkjlbkmybr.
Tckb gjckt j,hsdf d gjlfxt gbnfybz ghjlerns gj-
ght;ytve nd=hlst> b[ vj;yj cyjdf pfvjhjpbnm.
Tckb ghjlerns hfpvjhjpbkbcm> yj dsukzlzn b gf[yen
rfr cdt;bt> b[ cktletn ytvtlktyyj ghbujnjdbnm b
kb,j egjnht,bnm d gboe> kb,j pfvjhjpbnm d
ghbujnjdktyyjv dblt.
Tckb ytbcghfdyjcnm yt elf=ncz ecnhfybnm
dsiterfpfyysv j,hfpjv> j,hfnbntcm d
egjkyjvjxtyye/ yf nt[j,cke;bdfybt b htvjyn
abhve.
13
NT{YBXTCRBT LFYYST
Vjltkm ER 8913 B
+vrjcnm ytnnj%
[jkjlbkmybr 240 k
vjhjpbkmybr 127 k
Ibhbyf 595 vv
Dscjnf 2000 vv
Uke,byf 600 vv
Gjnht,ktybt 'ythubb 529 rDn d ujl
"ythutnbxtcrbq rkfcc C
Yjvbyfkmyfz vjoyjcnm 160 Dn
Dtc 94 ru
Vjoyjcnm pfvjhf;bdfybz 12 ru d cenrb
Rjkbxtcndj rjvghtccjhjd 2
VJYNF:
Hfcgfrjdrf
Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj [jkjlbkmybr yt gjdhtlbkcz
d ghjwtcct nhfycgjhnbhjdrb. J djpvj;ys[
gjdht;ltybz[ cktletn ytvtlktyyj cjj,obnm
ghjlfdwe. Egfrjdjxyst vfnthbfks cktletn clfnm d
geyrn enbkbpfwbb dnjhbxyjuj cshmz. Byajhvfwb/
j, 'njv vj;yj gjkexbnm e cjjndtncnde/ob[
bycnfywbq bkb e ghjlfdwf [jkjlbkmybrf.
Yt lfdfqnt ltnzv buhfnm c egfrjdjxysvb
vfnthbfkfvb. Gjkb'nbktyjdfz gk=yrf vj;tn
jrfpfnmcz jgfcyjq lkz ;bpyb.
Nhfycgjhnbhjdjxyst jgjhs
Rktqre/ ktyne b nhfycgjhnbhjdjxyst jgjhs cktletn
elfkbnm%
¤ c njhwjd ldthtq
¤ c dyenhtyytq cnjhjys gtntkm
¤ c gjkjr
Lkz njuj xnj,s elfkbnm nhfycgjhnbhjdjxyst jgjhs
cntrkzyyjq gjkrb> cyfxfkf gjnzybnt
nhfycgjhnbhjdjxyst jgjhs dgth=l> f pfntv jgjhs
dvtcnt c gjkrjq nfr;t dgth=l lj nt[ gjh> gjrf gjkrf
yt jcnfyjdbncz. Djpmvbntcm pf pflybq rhfq gjkrb
gjnzybnt gjkre dvtcnt c jgjhfvb dgth=l nfr> xnj,s
gjkre vj;yj ,skj yfrkjybnm b cyznm jgjhs.
Gjl [jkjlbkmybrfvb ytrjnjhs[ vjltktq bvttncz
pderjbpjkzwbjyyfz gjleirf> rjnjhe/ elfkznm yt
cktletn.
Xbcnrf gthtl yfxfkjv 'rcgkefnfwbb
Gthtl yfxfkjv 'rcgkefnfwbb [jkjlbkmybr cktletn
dsvsnm bpyenhb vzurjq nhzgrjq> cvjxtyyjq d n=gkjq
djlt c lj,fdktybtv chtlcndf lkz hexyjuj vsnmz
gjcels.
14
Ecnfyjdrf
Lkz njuj xnj,s [jkjlbkmybr aeyrwbjybhjdfk
yflkt;fobv j,hfpjv> eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj%
¤ [jkjlbkmybr ecnfyjdkty d ce[jv ghj[kflyjv
vtcnt ,tp gjgflfybz yf ytuj ghzvjuj cjkytxyjuj
cdtnf&
¤ [jkjlbkmybr ecnfyjdkty dlfkb jn bcnjxybrjd
ntgkf> nfrb[ rfr gkbnf bkb gjceljvjtxyfz
vfibyf&
¤ ntvgthfnehf d gjvtotybb yf[jlbncz d ghtltkf[
jn }16·C lj }32·C&
¤ [jkjlbkmybr ecnfyjdkty ghzvj b cnjbn yf dct[
xtnsh=[ yj;rf[. {jkjlbkmybr yt ljk;ty ,snm
ghbckjy=y r cntyt. Dscjnf yj;tr vj;tn ,snm ghb
ytj,[jlbvjcnb jnhtuekbhjdfyf c gjvjom/
ghbkfuftvjuj r [jkjlbkmybre htuekbhjdjxyjuj
rk/xf&
¤ djple[ cdj,jlyj wbhrekbhetn djrheu
[jkjlbkmybrf&
¤ dtynbkzwbjyyst rfyfks pf b gjl [jkjlbkmybrjv
ybxtv yt pfrhsns. Yfl [jkjlbkmybrjv ljk;yj
,snm yt vtytt 200 cv
2
cdj,jlyjuj ghjcnhfycndf
kb,j f@ ghzvj yfl [jkjlbkmybrjv> kb,j b@ pf
[jkjlbkmybrjv b yfl ybv> d 'njv ckexft
hfccnjzybt jn pflytq gfytkb [jkjlbkmybrf lj
cntys ljk;yj ,snm yt vtytt 50 vv.
Tckb [jkjlbkmybr cnjbn d euke gtnkzvb r cntyt>
vt;le cntyjq b [jkjlbkmybrjv ljk;yj ,snm yt
vtytt 10 vv cdj,jlyjuj ghjcnhfycndf> lkz njuj
xnj,s ldthm jnrhsdfkfcm ljcnfnjxyj ibhjrj lkz
dsldb;tybz gjkjr.
Gjlrk/xtybt gbnfybz
{jkjlbkmybr cktletn gjlrk/xbnm r pfptvk=yyjq
hjptnrt.
Yfghz;tybt% 230 D.
Ghtlj[hfybntkm% 10 F.
Ytj,[jlbvst lfyyst ghbdtltys yf nf,kbxrt c
nt[ybxtcrbvb lfyysvb [jkjlbkmybrf> rjnjhfz
hfcgjkj;tyf dyenhb ytuj c ktdjq cnjhjys.
Bpvtytybt cnjhjys jnrhsdfybz ldthb
1. Pfrhjqnt [jkjlbkmybr b dsymnt dbkre bp
hjptnrb.
2. Cybvbnt dtynbkzwbjyye/ hti=nre. Yf hti=nrt
bvttncz c(=vyfz ltnfkm> rjnjhe/ cktletn
cyznm b ecnfyjdbnm yf ghjnbdjgjkj;yjq cnjhjyt.
3. Lkz njuj xnj,s gjkj;bnm [jkjlbkmybryf ,jr>
gjl ytuj htrjvtyletncz gjlkj;bnm rfre/-
yb,elm vzure/ gjlrkflre> lkz njuj xnj,s pf
ytuj ,skj pfntv ktuxt dpznmcz ghb gjlyznbb
tuj j,hfnyj d dthnbrfkmyjt gjkj;tybt.
4. Jndthybnt dbyns yb;ytq gtnkb b cybvbnt
yb;y// ldthm. Dsdthybnt cnth;tym dth[ytq
gtnkb b cybvbnt dth[y// ldthm.
5. Ghjvt;enjxyfz ,fkrf% dsymnt gkfcnvfccjdst
pfukeirb c gjvjom/ ljhyf. Gthtcnfdmnt chtl-
y// gtnk/ yf ghjnbdjgjkj;ye/ cnjhjye.
Dshjdyzqnt dsitlitt bp jndthcnbq gtnkb
djkjryj b dcnfdmnt d jndthcnbz yjdst pfukeirb.
50m
a)
b)
1
2
3
4
5
15
6. Gthtdthybnt j,jheljdfybt ldthb d
ghjnbdjgjkj;yjt gjkj;tybt. Dcnfdmnt yjde/
pfukeire d jndthcnbt yb;ytq ldthb.
7. Ecnfdyjdbnt dth[y// ldthm yf vtcnj b pfrhtgbnt
cnth;tym dth[ytq gtnkb. Ecnfyjdbnt yb;y//
ldthm yf vtcnj. Ecnfyjdbnt cnth;tym yb;ytq
gtnkb d ghjnbdjgjkj;yjt gjkj;tybt. Ecnfyjdbnt
yb;y// gtnk/ yf vtcnj. Djpvj;ysq pfpjh
cktletn elfkbnm gjchtlcndjv htuekbhjdfybz
dscjns yb;ytq gtnkb ghbkfuftvsv r
[jkjlbkmybre htuekbhjdjxysv rk/xjv.
Pfabrcbheqnt gjkj;tybt ldthb rjynhzotq
ufqrjq.
8. Gthtcnfdmnt pfobnye/ gkfcnbye dtynbkzwbjyyjq
hti=nrb b ecnfyjdbnt hti=nre j,hfnyj yf
vtcnj.
9. Ecnfyjdbnt [jkjlbkmybr j,hfnyj d dthnbrfkmyjt
gjkj;tybt. Eljcnjdthmntcm d njv> xnj jy
dshjdyty gj ujhbpjynfkb. Cv. erfpfybz>
ghbdtl=yyst d hfpltkt Ecnfyjdrf.
NT{J<CKE:BDFYBT B
PFGFCYST XFCNB
Pf nt[j,cke;bdfybtv b pfgxfcnzvb
j,hfofqntcm d egjkyjvjxtyye/ yf
nt[j,cke;bdfybt abhve.
Df;ytqibt pfgfcyst xfcnb r lfyyjq ,snjdjq
vfibyt vjuen ,snm ghbj,htntys d ntxtybt
10 ktn gjckt njuj> rfr jyf cyznf c
ghjbpdjlcndf.
UFHFYNBZ
Ufhfynbqyst eckjdbz ghbdtltys d jnltkmyjq
nf,kbwt.
Ddble ytghthsdyjuj hfpdbnbz yfitq ghjlerwbb
jcnfdkztv pf cj,jq ghfdj yf dytctybt
bpvtytybq.
Cjukfcyj Pfrjye «J pfobnt ghfd
gjnht,bntktq»> ghb yfheitybb ecnfyjdktyys[
ghfdbk bcgjkmpjdfybz dhtl> ghbxby=yysq
dcktlcndbt nfrb[ yfheitybq> yt djpvtoftncz
b nht,jdfybz gj ytljcnfnrfv> djpybribv d
htpekmnfnt nfrb[ yfheitybq> yt
eljdktndjhz/ncz.
Tckb Ds j,hfoftntcm d cthdbcysq wtynh gj
gjdjle jlyjq bp nfrb[ ytbcghfdyjcntq bkb d
htpekmnfnt ytcj,k/ltybz ghfdbk
'rcgkefnfwbb> nj> lf;t d gthbjl ltqcndbz
ufhfynbb> Dfv> djpvj;yj> ghbl=ncz jgkfnbnm
dspjd cgtwbfkbcnf.
6
6
1%6-)78%( ((),
/